# Applications

memo:
It was able to extract and translocate the DDT molecules above the ground portion
It was able to extract and translocate the DDT molecules above the ground portion


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It was able to extract and translocate the DDT molecules above the ground portion


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This specie was able to extract PCBs from soil and translocate them from their roots to their shoots


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Performed well in lower PCB-contaminated soils, but showed toxic effects in hyghly contaminated soils


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The contaminant was transported from the root to the aboveground biomass


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The plant was able to tolerate PCP concentration of 250 mg/kg or less


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The use of EEDS did not enhanced the uptake of Cu


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The use of EEDS did not enhanced the uptake of Zn


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The use of EDDS increased uptake and translocation in shoots of Pb


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S. Americanus was tolerant to high doses of Zn (2500 ug Zn/ g dry soil) in sediments with high OM


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Multiple harvesting increased phytoremediation efficiency in practice


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Total metal concentrations decreased in the
sediment over time and leaching was the most likely cause
of this as only a small proportion of the total metal was found
in harvestable plant biomass


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Total metal concentrations decreased in the sediment over time and leaching was the most likely cause
of this as only a small proportion of the total metal was found
in harvestable plant biomass


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Total metal concentrations decreased in the sediment over time and leaching was the most likely cause of this as only a small proportion of the total metal was found in harvestable plant biomass


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it was successful with the addition of EDDS


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it was successful with the addition of EDTA


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To effectively clean-up Cd-contaminated brownfield land using selected clones of Salix would require (i) careful targeting of
hotspots, (ii) repeated harvest of the short-rotation coppice
prior to leaf fall, and (iii) final harvest of the root bole.


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The low remediation efficiency may partly due to the choice of timing for application of the soil amendment.


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The mineral oil degradation under willow was most pronounced (79%) in the root zone


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Some cultivars are high degraders than others. There is a possiblity for breeding for phytoremadiation.


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Mass recovery at the end of the experiment showed 57% of carbaryl degradation


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Mass recovery at the end of the experiment showed 55% of permethrin degradation


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Mass recovery at the end of the experiment showed 53% of linuron degradation


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Water lettuce contained average P concentrations of 3.0 g kg−1 and removed 25–34 g P ha−1 annually


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Water lettuce contained average N concentrations of 3.0 g kg−1 and removed 190–329 kg N ha
−1 annually


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Cu uptake was enhanced with the addition of EDDS (1mM) and histidine


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Pb uptake was enhanced with the addition of EDDS (1mM)


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Cd uptake was enhanced with the addition of histidine


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The Gibberellic acid (GA3) treatment showed the maximum total Pb accumulation, along
with a higher dry biomass.


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These cultures removed 2,4-DCP in short time and with high efficiency (98%, 88% and 83%) for solutions initially containing
250, 500 and 1000 mg/L, respectively. Removal process was mainly associated with peroxidase
activity. The highest efficiency for 2,4-DCP (500 mg/L) removal was reached at 60 min and using 10mM H2O2


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The accumulation of Na+ and Cl- increased with an increase in salt concentration of tannery wastewater. The accumulation of Na+ and Cl- increased with time of growth and plant density. 51% of Na+ and 33% of Cl- were observed by the plant at NACl concentrations of 20000ppm  at high plant density conditions.


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The TDS levels of the land decreased from 10300ppm to 5500ppm at the end of one year.


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The TDS levels in terms of NaCl were reduced from 12300ppm to 2700 ppm by harvesting Sesuvium portalacastrum for 15 months


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Combined cropping enhanced bioaccumulation of Zn.


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Nutrient removal is low when compared with the removal efficiencies achieved for COD and BOD5


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Nutrient removal is low when compared with the removal efficiencies achieved for COD a


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Concentration of lead in roots of vetiver significantly increased after EDTA solution (5 mmol kg-1)


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it was successful with the application of 0.5 g EDTA kg-1 soil 10 day after sowing


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Pb was found in the root, stem, and seed capsule of kenaf. Application of organic fertilizer promoted greater biomass yield as well as higher accumulation capacity of lead. In Pb-spiked treatments, roots accumulated more than 85% of total plant Pb which implies that kenaf root can be an important sink for bioavailable Pb.


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Results suggest that Lathyrus sativus L. was tolerant to a deficiency in essential nutrients and able to store large amounts of lead in its root tissues.


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90% of the As(III) found in the mesquite plants was bound to sulfuer ligands in the stems, and leaves.


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Presented the highest metal concentration en leaves (315 mg Cd Kg-1 d.m.)but these species showed low metal tolerance


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This specie produced large biomass and metal content in leaves


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Presented the highest metal concentration en leaves (3180 mg Zn Kg-1 d.m.)but these


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Maize exhibited better results than poplar when extracting Pb from the more acidic and more contaminated soils.ils


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Poplars proved to be more efficient when grown on the near neutral and less contaminated soils. Addition of EDTA led to a significant increase of Pb content in poplar leaves. More research focused on the proper field application of chelants I still needed in order to minimise the risk associated with the strong persistence and possible migration of the Pb-EDTA complexes, especially in highly contaminated acidic soils.


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Most of the Mn taken from the substrates were transported to the aboveground tissues, e.g. over 86% accumulated in the aboveground parts at 150mmol/L treatment. These findings confirmed that Schi a superba is a Mn hyperaccumulator.


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The results obtained from sequential extraction schemes indicate that Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn, Mn and Pb were bounded with Fe–Mn
fraction in different amendments while, Ni was found mainly in residual fraction. Fe wasmostly found in organic and residual fractions. The TF of metals from soil to root was reasonably higher without any exception which indicated that the plant C. indica L. can be use for phytoremediation.


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B.vulgaris removed 156 kg Na ha-1. B. vulgaris was found as a potential candidate for rapid and efficient phyto-amelioration of saline-sodic soils without leaching, leading thus to saving plentiful amounts of irrigation water.


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L.Minor is suitable for the phytoremdiation of low-level copper contaminated waterbody.


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L.Minor is suitable for the phytoremdiation of low-levelcadmium contaminated waterbody.


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Under conditions of the nutrient solution culture, it was found that L. hexandra had a high tolerance and accumulation capacity to Cr(lll) and Cr(VI). Under 60 mg I-I Cr(lll) and 10 mg I-I Cr(VI) treatment, there was no significant decrease of biomass in the leaves of L. hexandra (p > 0.05). The highest bioaccumulation coefficients of the leaves for Cr(lll) and Cr(VI) were 486.8 and 72.1,respectively. However, L. hexandra had a higher accumulation capacity for Cr(lll) than for Cr(VI). At the Cr(lll) concentration of 10 mg I-I in the culture solution, the concentration of chromium in leaves was 4868 mg kg-I, while at the same Cr(VI) concentration, the concentration of chromium in leaves was only 597 mg kg -I. These results confirmed that L. hexandra is a chromium hyperaccumulator which grows rapidly with a great tolerance to Cr and broad ecological amplitude. This species could provide a new plant resource that explores the mechanism of Cr


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Typha spp. was able to remove 80% ofCA after 21 days of exposure to a solution spiked with 20 Ilg L - \ with over 50% being removed
just within the first 24-48 h. The CA removal was achieved without
any obvious visual symptoms of toxicity even when the plants were subjected to concentrations several orders of magnitude higher


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EDTA application increased Pb accumulation


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The plant biomass did not show affinity for Co.


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The plant biomass showed high affinity for Cu


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The plant biomass showed high affinity for Zn


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The plant biomass did not show affinity for Ni.


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Use of this method for cleaning polluted fluvisols, under real conditions, would be very difficult--most of all due to the time
required.


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Use of this method for cleaning polluted fluvisols, under real conditions, would be very


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The outcome of this study
corroborate that Lemna minor is a suitable candidate for the phytoremediation of low-level copper and cadmium contaminated waterbody


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corroborate that Lemna minor is a suitable candidate for the phytoremediation of low-level copper and cadmium contaminated waterbody


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The results indicate that S. jinianum is a Cd hyperaccumulator.
In the shoots


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The results indicate that S. jinianum has high capacity to accumulate Zinc the shoots


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Lead was translocated to the leaves of the alfalfa plant when Pb-EDTA, and Pb-EDTA-IAA-KN was added


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TCEOH was found only in the tissue of longletif pine, suggesting that TCE metabolism was occurring in this tree.


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TCAA was only detected in the leaves of hybrid poplar and piedmont loblolly pine.


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it was not found any metabolite of TCE in the plant tissue of this tree


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CYP2B6-expressing rice plants became more tolerant to various herbicides than nontransgenic Nipponbare rice plants


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Transgenic plants significantly tolerated the contaminated soil better than wild type, attaining an aboveground biomass/area almost 80% of that of transgenic plants grown on clean soil, compared to 50% for wild type plants.


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The high biomass production of the trees combined with their high leaf/soil concentration quotient may result in a significant decrease in the soil B in just a few years. Nevertheless, most polluted sites contain a suite of contaminants so removing the B will not result in site cleanup, just mitigate the effects of this highly mobile trace element


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Boron content in the plants at the end of the experiment ranged between 930 and 1900mgkg-1 dry weight, and
was comparable to that of wetland plants reported to be good B accumulators. Boron removal by L. gibba may therefore be a suitable option for the treatment of water containing B concentrations below 2mgL-1.

plants at the end of the experiment ranged between 930 and 1900mgkg1 dry weight, and
was comparable to that of wetland plants reported to be good B accumulators. Boron
removal by L. gibba may therefore be a suitable option for the treatment of water containing
B concentrations below 2mgL1.


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Over 7% of applied radioactivity was taken up by the grasses, and plant uptake/metabolism appeared to be the main mechanism for phytoremediation of metolachlor. Vegetation significantly reduced the amount of metolachlor in soil by 9%, indicating potential success as a remediation tool.


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Both plant species accumulated HCH in their tissues, with relatively higher accumulation in above-ground biomass than in roots. The b-HCH isomer was the main isomer in all plant tissues. These results may have important implications for the use of plants for reducing the transfer of contaminants via the atmosphere.


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Based on the present study, it was estimated that W. somnifera can accumulate 764–944 mg of lindane
per acre after 145-day cultivation. However, the plantmediated dissipation of lindane (phytostimulation) is the major contribution of this species, leading to the enhanced remediation (rhizoremediation) of contaminated soil (>73%).


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The results showed that the average efficiency of removing total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) by M. jalapa over the 127-day culture period was high, up to 41.61–63.20%, when the removal rate by natural attenuation was only 19.75–37.92%. The maximum reduction occurred in the saturated hydrocarbon fraction compared with other components of petroleum contaminants. According to the qualitative and quantitative parameters including plant height, fresh weight, dry weight, root length, rootweight and visual stress symptoms, itwas indicated that M. jalapa had a peculiar tolerance to petroleum contamination and could effectively promote the degradation of TPHs when the concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in soil was equal to and lower than 10,000 mg/kg.


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The nearly steady-state condition of the PAH concentrations
observed during the last three years of the study suggests
that the effectiveness of the phytoremediation system
is limited by the rate of PAH dissolution from the DNAPL source.


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perennial ryegrass was the most eff ective species


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Sediment should be mixed with clean soil in order to enhance biomass production of the tested plant species under field conditions


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Trees are effective at reducing hydrological release of many pollutants but in the mining debris studied, four decades of pine growth did notsignificantly promote 226Ra remediation in the soil


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Kochia showed promising remediation efficiency in highly contaminated soils. However, petroleum hydrocarbon contamination depressed growth of surveyed plants significantly.  Petroleum hidro


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Linium showed promising remediation efficiency in highly contaminated soils. However, petroleum hydrocarbon contamination depressed growth of surveyed plants significantly.


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Altai wild rye reached comparable TPH levels by the end of the second season


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Wheat grass exhibited the highest overall TPH degradation


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Plant stem density, shoot height, aboveground biomass and belowground biomass were detrimentally impacted at high oil dosages even 1 year after transplantation. Tolerance limits were estimated between 160 and 320 mgg-1 based on various plant variables. Importantly, J. roemerianus enhanced oil degradation; at the 40 mg/g diesel dosage, concentrations of residual total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in the sediment planted with J. roemerianus


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The selected tree was used to phytoremediate bioremediated oil-contaminated soil for three successive growing seasons. At the end of the phytoremediation experiment, 85.7% of measurable total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) was degraded in Conocarpus lancifolius rhizophere, and the detectable concentrations of some poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were less than 0.02 ppm.


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The two cultivars of Indian mustard showed an efficient metabolic defense and adaptation system to mercury induced oxidative stress. Indian mustard effectively generated enzymatic antioxidant defense system (CAT) to scavenge H2O2, resulting in lower H2O2 in shoots, especially for higher mercury concentrations. A majority of Hg was accumulated in the roots and low translocations of Hg from roots to shoots were found in two cultivars of Indian mustard


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Atriplex conodocarpa showed the highest potential for Hg phytoremediation in terms of the highest translocation index and its
capability of tolerating the high salt content in the biosolids studied,
despite its slow growth


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Au. caespitosa exhibited also a high translocation factor in comparison with the other species
studied. It has the advantage of producing a relatively high biomass
because it can be cut several times per year thus further increasing
the amount of mercury phytoextracted.


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The transgenic plants were resistant to methyl parathion (Mep),an OP pesticide, as evidenced by a toxicity test showing that the transgenic plants produced greater shoot and root biomass than did the wild-type plants. Furthermore, at 0.02% (v/v) Mep, the transgenic plants degraded more than 99% of Mep after 14 days of growth.


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plants were found to be able to accumulate significant amount of U in a short time and to tolerate
it efficiently


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More than 80% of the initial uranium in solution and genuine groundwater, respectively, was removed within 24 h by using sunflower and the residual uranium concentration
of the treated water was lower than 30g/L (USEPA drinking water limit).


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For bean, the uranium removal efficiency of the rhizofiltration was roughly 60–80%


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High concentrations of cyanide compounds tend to suppress germination and limit root development


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L. minor had the most efficient uptake capacity. Removal rate of 50%


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L. minor showed the highest removal efficiency of 17%.


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S. polyrrhiza showed the highest removal efficiency of 15%.


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C. aguatica showed a removal efficiency of 10%.


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C. longifolia showed a removal efficiency of 16%.


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C. longifolia showed a removal efficiency of 18%.


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C. longifolia showed a removal efficiency of 12%.


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C. longifolia showed a removal efficiency of 11%.


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C. longifolia showed a removal efficiency of 7%.


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C. longifolia showed a removal efficiency of 8%.


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Hydroponic studies using 15N-labeled ferrocyanide showed that both tree species transported ferrocyanide into roots and displayed significant increases in 15N enrichment and concentration with no evidence of phytotoxicity


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Positive responses were observed for the plants exposed to < 274.13 mg CN L -1 as ferricyanide, exhibiting higher chlorophylls and soluble proteins compared with the controls. Visible toxic symptoms were only noted for the treatment exposed to 506.67 mg CN L-1 after 120 h of incubation.


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The results indicated that metal phytoextraction using the poplar can be applied to clean up soils moderately contaminated by
cadmium in these purple soil and alluvial soil.


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The results of the current study suggest that the eight tested energy crops were moderately tolerant to Cd stress


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The field survey showed that the wild population of A. paniculata was hyper-tolerant to extremely high concentrations of Pb, and could accumulate in shoots an average level of 2300mg kg−1 dry weight (DW) Pb with its translocation factors (TFs) above one.


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A.paniculata accumulated in shoots an average level of 20,800mg kg−1 Zn with a translocation factor of above one.


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A.paniculata accumulated in shoots an average level of 434mg kg−1 Cd with a translocation factor of above one


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97.9 % removal. TPH contamination depressed growth


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High removal efficiency by TPH contamination depressed growth


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Tomato was able to uptake more Cd under Fe deficiency


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Morel was able to uptake more Cd under Fe deficiency


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leaf red beet was able to uptake more Cd under Fe deficiency


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Limited uptake and no translocation from the roots to the shoot was observed


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E. acicularis showed a net accumulation of 76 mg kg-1 of Sb.


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E. acicularis showed a net accumulation of 22.4 mg kg-1 of As.


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E. acicularis showed a net accumulation of 33.9 mg kg-1 of Cu.


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E. acicularis showed a net accumulation of 266 mg kg-1 of Sb.


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The results indicated that T. diversifolia mopped up substantial concentrations of Pb in the above-ground biomass compared to concentrations in the roots. The concentrations in the leaf compartment were 87.3, 71.3, and 71.5 mg/kg at 4, 6, and 8 weeks after planting (AP), respectively. In roots, it was 99.4 mg/kg, 97.4 mg/g, and 77.7 mg/kg while 79.3, 77.8, and 60.7 mg/kg were observed in the stems at 4, 6, and 8 weeks AP, respectively


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Observations with H. annuus followed the pattern found with T. diversifolia, showing significant (p<0.05) accumulation of Pb in the above-ground biomass


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Mycorrhizal colonization led to an increase in the accumulation of Cd and ATR in
maize roots but a decrease in the shoots


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Preferential Cd accumulation in the roots indicated that chamomile could not be classified as a hyperaccumulator and, therefore, it is unsuitable for phytoremediation.


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In the field experiment, phytoextraction of Cd and As by lupin plants was very low, suggesting that it was not recommended for phytoextraction.
However, lupin culture in the field produced several benefits as: increase of acid soil pH probably by citrate excretion, decrease in soluble As and Cd fractions in soil, high concentration of As and Cd in roots with accumulation of heavy metals in root nodules. All these results support the use of Lupinus albus for phytostabilization and revegetation of the spill polluted soils.


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The plants were colonized with AM fungi and this helped to increase plant growth (increase in plant biomass), and Pb uptake in root and higher translocation to the shoot at all given treatments


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In conclusion, an excess of cadmium determined many modifications in the metabolic pathways of B. juncea. Both organic and phenolic acids face up to the overhanging abiotic stress immobilizing the metal and removing the reactive oxygen species. Further studies of physiological responses to metal stress are necessary to get a better understanding of the different mechanisms involved in cadmium tolerance and to provide more detailed information for using B. juncea in phytoremediation programs.


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This study suggests that inoculation with the AMF G. claroideum or G. intraradices, can enhance the Zn accumulation in the tissues of S. nigrum, not affecting the plant translocation capacities


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Monitoring data of the BTEX plume during the period 1999-2005 indicated a clear role of the plant-associated bacteria in containing the plume and degrading the BTEX compounds


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After 6 years full containment of the contamination was detected


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Based on the available data that includes transpiration rate, concentration of contaminants, and rate of uptake, it is predicted that 90% removal will be achieved in around 25 years


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Trimethylbenzene reductions of 91-100% were achieved, while TCE has been reduced by 70% and total xylenes by 44-100%


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Trees in the glauconitic sands are doing very well, with trunk diameters now measuring greater than 5 inches


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This site is ideal due to the excellent poplar growing conditions found in the Pacific Northwest, shallow groundwater, contaminant type, and low risk posed by the contaminants


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The gasoline constituent levels are decreasing in the groundwater, which was attributed to rhizosphere microbially enhanced degradation.


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The efficacy and cost of phytoremediation to clean up shallow groundwater contaminated with chlorinated solvents (primarily TCE) is being evaluated in field-scale demonstration projects at Aberdeen Proving Grounds Edgewood Area J-Field in Edgewood, Maryland; the Edward Sears site in New Gretna, New Jersey; and NAS-JRB Fort Worth (former Carswell Air Force Base) in Fort Worth, Texas


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Tolerance limits were estimated between 160 and 320 mgg-1 based on various plant variables


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Conocarpus trees tolerated high concentration and accumulated several metals in all plant tissues


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At the end of the phytoremediation experiment, 85.7% of measurable total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) was degraded in Conocarpus lancifolius rhizosphere


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metabolism was altered only slightly under high Cd stress, indicating that chamomile is tolerant to this metal


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Biomass production was greater than expected, even with the high winds and rainfall typical of these sites. Plant growth does not appear to be the limiting factor in this field trial.


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Salix species were found as Zn-accumulator species


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Results indicate that E. acicularis is a hyperaccumulator of Pb


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High Si concentrations in E. acicularis was found


# CaseStudies

notes:
In this remediation  project willow trees were planted over petroleum spill and used to clean-up residual contamination in soils and the contaminated groundwater below. After three growing seasons 90% of the contamination was removed from the site.


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The parent chlorinated ethenes and chloroacetic acids (oxidative transformation products) were detected in the tree tissues at the end of the first growing season, confirming the uptake and phytodegradation of the contaminants


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This remediation project focused on the assessment of the contribution of plants in the attenuation of a mixed-contaminant plume of hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents at a hydrocarbon burn facility at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Analysis of the geochemical and hydrogeological data confirmed the attenuation of the plume in the natural wetland at the site.


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Leakage of solvents from a car factory resulted in a contamination of the groundwater with organic solvents (BTEX). The source of contamination were the leaking pipes of the paint mixing and underground storage tanks. The cuttings were planted reciprocally ("Hazendans"- "Hoogvorst") with a distance of 7 m between each other, in 9 rows of trees each.


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In 1998, Boliden was responsible for a major environmental disaster, when a reservoir of toxic waste (the residue pool at the mine burst) broke and spilled its contents in the course of the Guadiamar river, which flows through the Doñana National Park, one of Europe's largest nature reserves. The spill caused damage over an area of around 30-kilometres, destroying rare plant and wildlife. The affected soils, mostly under agricultural production, were burdened with high concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, Tl, and Zn.


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J-Field was used for burning and detonation, eventually resulting in contamination of soil and groundwater. 200 hybrid poplars were planted in 1996 in an area of approximately one acre. Volatile organic compounds have been detected in transpiration gas and tree tissues. Groundwater sampling has not yet yielded a reduction of contaminants due to the very high initial levels.


notes:
This site was use from the mid 1960s to 1992 to store drums of paints, solvents, varnish, tar, and expoxy resins. In december 1996, 100 hybrid poplars were planted on a 100 ft. by 150 ft. grid. In recent years, the trees have reached heights similar to surrounding trees. A tree survival rate of 97% was achieved. The extent of all contamination has been dramatically reduced.


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From 1960 to the 1980s, tanker trucks were washed with chlorinated solvents between loads at this location. The tank residuals were discharged into a leaky drain system that led to a collection pit and drainage ditch. Native black willows and hybrid poplars were planted during the Spring of 1998.  More than 300 trees are currently maintained at this location. Due to deer damage, aggressive trimming, drought, and frosts some trees died. They were replaced with fresh live stakes that catched up to the overall rate of the whole plantantion nicely.


notes:
The exact number of contaminants in this site is unknown and perhaps the result of illegal dumping activities. The area comprises around 3 to 4 acres. A combination of native and hybrid poplars were planted in a random block manner. The site is reported to be well suited for phytoremediation because the shallow groundwater is locally confined and in hydraulic contact with the creek. A study in 2002 reported that the largest trees at the site had trunk diameters of more than 4 inches. The study also reported that the trees were utilizing contaminated groundwater or soil.


notes:
This site was a retail petroleum distributor. In 1993, a leak of more than 7,000 gallons of unleaded gasoline was detected. In the late fall of 1998, 600 native Siouxland poplars were planted. Within three years the trees were 40 feet tall. The gasoline levels in the groundwater decreased from 25,000 ug/L to 2,000 ug/L. This reduction was attributed to rhizosphere microbially enhanced degradation.


notes:
The site was contaminated through the use of chlorinated solvents in the manufacture and assembly of military aircraft. This project is led by the U.S. Air Force (USAF) and is being conducted as part of the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP), as well as the U.S. EPA Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program. The system relies on two mechanisms to achieve this goal: hydraulic removal of contaminated groundwater through tree transpiration and biologically mediated in situ reductive dechlorination of the contaminant. In April 1996, the USAF planted 660 eastern cottonwoods at two plantations in a 4,000-square-meter area. Eastern cottonwoods were chosen because they are indigenous to the region and have proven their ability to withstand the Texas climate, local pathogens, and other localized variables that may affect tree growth and health. During the first 3 years of the demonstration, the maximum observed reduction in the mass flux of TCE across the downgradient end of the demonstration site was 11 percent. TCE and its daughter products were detected in tissue samples of roots, stems, and leaves. Average concentrations of TCE decreased across the demonstration site, from 532 μg/L in July 1997 to 182 μg/L in July 2001.


SiteName:
Phytoremediation at 317/319 Area, Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois

notes:
The 317/319 Area at ANL-E covers a surface area of approximately two hectares (five acres) and contains several release sites used in the past to dispose of solid and liquid waste from various laboratory activities. In 1999 Argonne installed a series of engineered plantings consisting of a vegetative cover system and approximately 800 hybrid poplars.  it is apparent that the trees have begun to influence the area.


SiteName:
Phytoremediation at a coal-tar contaminated shallow aquifer in South Carolina

notes:
Contaminated Aquifer - Contamination Source Unknown. 600, 6-ft rooted hybrid poplar cuttings were planted at the site. Toluene down 83%, naphthalene down 82%. Data collected suggest that affect of hybrid poplar tree groves' affect on groundwater hydrology and contaminant levels occurs on a seasonal basis at this site.


SiteName:
Phytoremediation at a former fuel loading facility in Ontario

notes:
Former fuel loading facility. Residual chemical impacts of petroleum hydrocarbons were identified as flushing from the site into a nearby navigable waterway. 3,000 hybrid poplar trees and associated ground cover vegetation installed in the area overlying the identified groundwater impacts. The parameters monitored at the site, including well headspace vapors, and groundwater concentrations of BTEX have generally decreased.Concentration of xylenes in groundwater have shown consistent decrease.


SiteName:
Phytoremediation at a gasoline release site in Georgia

notes:
Gasoline was released from a pipeline and flowed into a wetland area on the edge of a creek. In April 2001, 290 bare root willow trees were added in areas with no trees to achieve a four-foot spacing between trees. Deep root planting was used, and aged compost (made of nitrogenous peanut shells and cow manure) was added to the holes before trees were planted. Soil BTEX concentrations in soil decreased 82% and benzene decreased 80% between August 1999 and November 2002. the first growing season, willows grew 1.5 ft per month. Approximately 90% of the planted trees survived in the first growing season, although the highest mortality was in areas with the highest gasoline concentrations.


SiteName:
Phytoremediation at a metal-contaminated site in California - Project 1

notes:
Agricultural field of wheat. Cleanup program goal is 50% reduction of selenium entering effluent. Successful growth of plants, removal of soil selenium (20%). "Brassica sp." were transplanted by hand.


SiteName:
Phytoremediation at a nitrate-contaminated site in California

notes:
A former agricultural chemical facility. Cleanup program goal is groundwater cleanup of nitrate-nitrogen to 10 mg/L. 2,200 Eucalyptus seedlings were planted in 6x10 foot rows. Removed in excess of 450 pounds of Nitrogen per acre per year for the first two years. After two years, trees are 20 feet tall and about 4 inches DBH.


SiteName:
Phytoremediation at a self-serve gasoline fueling facility in California

notes:
Site is an operating self-serve gasoline fueling station located near the White Slough in the City of Vallejo, CA. Five mature landscaped conifers (T1-T5) span a distance of about 15 m (50 ft) and boarder three 10,000 gallon underground storage tanks. Trees are 33-43 feet tall, with basal diameters from 1.4 to 1.7 feet, and are 10-20 ft from storage tanks. The reduction in oxygenate concentrations indicate that root uptake is capturing a significant quantity of contaminated ground water. On average, the concentration decline exhibited in ground water concentrations across the stand was 99%.


SiteName:
Phytoremediation at an unknown chlorinated solvents-contaminated site in Wayne County, Michigan

notes:
60 trees deep rooted and planted with 10 to 16 feet tall. Initial TCE: 600 ppb. Final TCE: 30 ppb. Although the site had early successes, by 2002 street salt leaching into groundwater was killing trees. Salinity is too high to support vegetation and there are no trees, and no phytoremediation taking place at site now.


notes:
Uptake of Tritium and TCE is observed in plants,


notes:
application of fertilizers is necessary for phytoremediation using As-hyperaccumulator and optimization of application can significantly enhance the efficiency of arsenic removal from contaminated soils


notes:
Salix species were found as Zn-accumulator species, therefore their capabilities and diversity were further investigated in 6 clones of Salix alba, as well as in S. caprea and S. viminalis rooted, grown and loaded with heavy metals under controlled conditions.


notes:
Results indicate that E. acicularis is a hyperaccumulator of Pb


notes:
Accumulators, such as Potentilla reptans (4.09Bq/g of DW, Mentha arvensis (4.00Bq/g) and Daucus carota (3.70Bq/g), took up significant amounts of 226Ra


# Contaminant

contaminant:
BTEX benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes


# LocProximity

Description:
Lat/Lon are on the exact location of the site


Description:
Lat/Lon are in the general proximity (city scale)


Description:
Lat/Lon are near the site (within a 1 mile radius)


# Mechanism

description:
Evapotranspiration (ET) is the combination of the evaporation derived from the direct exposure of water to the atmosphere and the transpiration of soil moisture by plants. This mechanism of phytoremediation is the primary mechanism of containing contaminants by controlling hydraulics.  However this mechanism can be interrelated to other mechanisms such as rhizodegradation, phytoextraction, phytodegradation, and phytovolatilization.


description:
Hydraulic control is the use of plants to control the migration of subsurface water through the rapid uptake of large volumes of water by the plants. The plants are effectively acting as natural hydraulic pumps.  When a dense root network has been established near the water table plants can transpire up to 300 gallons of water per day. This fact has been utilized to decrease the migration of contaminants from surface water into the groundwater and drinking water supplies. There are two such uses for plants: Riparian corridors and vegetative cover


description:
Phytodegradation (Phytotransformation) is the ability of plants to produce the enzymes or cofactors necessary to degrade organic contaminants. In some cases, these catalysts may be exuded; therefore, phytodegradation is highly related to rhizodegradation.


description:
Phytoextraction (phytoaccumulation) is the removal of inorganic contaminants from the surface-subsurface soil through plant uptake. This includes heavy metals, metalloids, radionuclides, and salts. During this process plant roots uptake metal contaminants from the soil and translocate them to their above soil tissues. This process is repeated several times to reduce contamination to acceptable levels. In some cases it is possible to recycle the metals through a process known as phytomining, though this is usually reserved for use with precious metals.


description:
Phytosequestration/Phytostabilisation is the precipitation or immobiliztion of inorganic contaminants in the soil, on the root surface, or within the root tissues. The ability of plants to sequester contaminants in the rrot zone is a form of protection to prevent the translocation of the potential toxin to the more sensitive terrestrial tissues such as reproductive organs.  This process reduces the mobility of the contaminant and prevents migration to the groundwater or air, and it reduces bioavailability for entry into the food chain. This technique can be used to reestablish a vegetative cover at sites where natural vegetation is lacking due to high metals concentrations in surface soils or physical disturbances to surficial materials. Metal-tolerant species can be used to restore vegetation to the sites, thereby decreasing potential migration of contamination through wind erosion and transport of exposed-surface soils and leaching of soil contamination to groundwater.


description:
Phytovolatilization is the process where plants uptake contaminaints which are water soluble and release them into the atmosphere as they transpire the water. The contaminant may become modified along the way, as the water travels along the plant's vascular system from the roots to the leaves, whereby the contaminants evaporate or volatilize into the air surrounding the plant.


description:
Rhizodegradation (also called enhanced rhizosphere biodegradation, phytostimulation, and plant assisted bioremediation) is the breakdown of organic contaminants in the soil by soil organisms which is enhanced by the rhizosphere's presence. Certain soil dwelling microbes digest organic pollutants such as fuels and solvents, producing harmless products through a process known as Bioremediation. Plant root exudates such as sugars, alcohols, and organic acids act as carbohydrate sources for the soil microflora and enhance microbial growth and activity. Some of these compound may also act as chemotactic signals for certain microbes. The plant roots also loosen the soil and transport water to the rhizosphere thus additionally enhancing microbial activity.


description:
Rhizofiltration (inorganics) is similar in concept to Phytoextraction but is concerned with the remediation of contaminated groundwater rather than the remediation of polluted soils. The contaminants are either adsorbed onto the root surface or are absorbed by the plant roots. This can be used either in situ or ex situ.


description:
Please use one of the other catagories in place of this


description:
The mechanisim is not sufficently described to allow classification.


# Phytoremediation

memo:
(sericia lespedeza) alfalfa, flat pea, sericea lespedeza, deer tongue, reed canary grass, switchgrass, and tall fescue all showed greater PCB degadation compared to unplanted control


memo:
(deartongue) alfalfa, flat pea, sericea lespedeza, deer tongue, reed canary grass, switchgrass, and tall fescue all showed greater PCB degadation compared to unplanted control


memo:
(reed canary grass) alfalfa, flat pea, sericea lespedeza, deer tongue, reed canary grass, switchgrass, and tall fescue all showed greater PCB degadation compared to unplanted control


memo:
(switchgrass) alfalfa, flat pea, sericea lespedeza, deer tongue, reed canary grass, switchgrass, and tall fescue all showed greater PCB degadation compared to unplanted control


memo:
greenhouse study, Reed canarygrass and switchgrass were the most effective species in enhancing TNT transformation


memo:
greenhouse study, Reed canarygrass and switchgrass were the most effective species in enhancing TNT transformation, alfalfa also similar performande


memo:
corn and indian mustard were most effective at removing P if all biomass is harvested


memo:
growth chamber study, motor oil with P. vulgaris, G. max. Z. mays, and M. sativa, germination, growth, microbial activity


memo:
greenhouse and field, phytoextraction of cultivated species vs native grasses in Canada, Native grasses exhibited the best plant productivity and HMX accumulation rate.


memo:
current name-current name Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski, greenhouse and field, phytoextraction of cultivated species vs native grasses in Canada, Native grasses exhibited the best plant productivity and HMX accumulation rate.


memo:
hydroponic and soil studies on effect of U speciation on plant uptake, effect of amendments like citric acid.


memo:
greenhouse and five year field study, alfalfa and crabgrass removed most P of 5 summer forages and annual ryegrass removed more P of winter forages. ").  Assuming four harvests per season and P uptake by annual ryegrass half that obtained in the greenhouse, combined summer bermuda grass and winter annual ryegrass hay harvest may lower soil total P by about 50 mg kg-1soil".


memo:
HMX uptake for ag species in growth chambers and indigenous plant in field, significant uptake but not transformation of HMX


memo:
new name for western wheatgrass, HMX uptake for ag species in growth chambers and indigenous plant in field, significant uptake but not transformation of HMX


memo:
greenhouse study demonstrating importance of weathering or priming on observed results of phytoremediation treatment


memo:
studied enhanced solubility of anthracene by alfalfa root exudates in in greenhouse study


memo:
Laboratory germination test of 22 forage and crop species exposed to 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel fuel. Germination % in 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel: 53, 20, 0


memo:
Laboratory germination test of 22 forage and crop species exposed to 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel fuel. Germination % in 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel: 30, 38,5


memo:
Laboratory germination test of 22 forage and crop species exposed to 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel fuel. Germination % in 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel: 85,50,46


memo:
Laboratory germination test of 22 forage and crop species exposed to 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel fuel. Germination % in 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel: 60 30 3


memo:
Laboratory germination test of 22 forage and crop species exposed to 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel fuel. Germination % in 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel: 90 60 15


memo:
Laboratory germination test of 22 forage and crop species exposed to 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel fuel. Germination % in 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel: 55 10 0


memo:
Laboratory germination test of 22 forage and crop species exposed to 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel fuel. Germination % in 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel: 78 64 50


memo:
Laboratory germination test of 22 forage and crop species exposed to 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel fuel. Germination % in 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel: 58 38 24


memo:
Laboratory germination test of 22 forage and crop species exposed to 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel fuel. Germination % in 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel: 82 88 40


memo:
Laboratory germination test of 22 forage and crop species exposed to 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel fuel. Germination % in 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel: 48 50 20


memo:
Laboratory germination test of 22 forage and crop species exposed to 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel fuel. Germination % in 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel: 72 60 10


memo:
Laboratory germination test of 22 forage and crop species exposed to 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel fuel. Germination % in 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel: 20 20 24


memo:
Laboratory germination test of 22 forage and crop species exposed to 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel fuel. Germination % in 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel: 18 16 2


memo:
Laboratory germination test of 22 forage and crop species exposed to 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel fuel. Germination % in 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel: 64 60 42


memo:
Laboratory germination test of 22 forage and crop species exposed to 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel fuel. Germination % in 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel: 56 56 40


memo:
Laboratory germination test of 22 forage and crop species exposed to 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel fuel. Germination % in 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel: 68 36 12


memo:
Laboratory germination test of 22 forage and crop species exposed to 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel fuel. Germination % in 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel: 40 36 18


memo:
Laboratory germination test of 22 forage and crop species exposed to 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel fuel. Germination % in 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel: 74 84 66


memo:
Laboratory germination test of 22 forage and crop species exposed to 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel fuel. Germination % in 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel: 100 100 95


memo:
Laboratory germination test of 22 forage and crop species exposed to 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel fuel. Germination % in 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel: 94 96 98


memo:
creosote, no signficant degradation at 90 days compared to unplanted control in greenhouse study


memo:
field trial-corn, sorghum, tricicale better than clover and alfalfa after 2 years, negligle hydrocarbon uptake


var:
B. napus(canola),B. oleracea var. Emperor(broccoli

memo:
investigated biotransfer to animals of accumulated Se by plants in several phytoremediation systems


memo:
promising for phyto with high salinity, high biomass, investigated biotransfer to animals of accumulated Se by plants in several phytoremediation systems


memo:
10 Atriplex species tested, studies demonstrate Se absorbed by plants for phyto can transfer biologically intentionally or unintentionally to insects and animals. Investigated biotransfer to animals of accumulated Se by plants in several phytoremediation systems


memo:
important to evaluate Ni speciation before planning phyto


memo:
non N2 fixing alfalfa varieties like more effect for phyto


memo:
potential for uptake some degradation of methylbenzotriazole


memo:
(alfalfa), alfalfa, flat pea, sericea lespedeza, deer tongue, reed canary grass, switchgrass, and tall fescue all showed greater PCB degadation compared to unplanted control


memo:
(flat pea) alfalfa, flat pea, sericea lespedeza, deer tongue, reed canary grass, switchgrass, and tall fescue all showed greater PCB degadation compared to unplanted control


memo:
multiple measures of microbial diversity with alfalfa and perennial ryegrass


memo:
phytotoxicity test showed alfalfa and perennial ryegrass germinated and grew better than little bluestem and crown vetch


memo:
greenhouse grown Mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal alfalfa in soil with 1, 10, 100 mg/kg BAP,  veg soil had higher degrataion the nonveg soil.


memo:
Uptake of DDT by 5 plant entries was studied in the greenhouse.  Soil was taken from a contaminated site in northern Canada.  Treatments included high and low concentrations of DDT and uncontaminated soil.   DDT, DDE, and DDD accumulation in roots, stems, leaves, and flowers was estimated.  Pumpkin accumulated the most pesticide, followed by zucchini.  For these entries, most DDT and metabolites accumulated in aboveground plant tissue.  In other entries pesticide was mostly confined to the roots. Possible mechanisms for plant uptake and phytoremediation potential are discussed.


memo:
pot experiment in Saratov Russia showing increase microbial activity and degradation of PAHs with alfalfa and Phragmites.


memo:
pot study of alfalfa plant ability to clean up montmorillonite-clay contaminated Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr(VI) not well tolerated


memo:
In a greenhouse study 39 cold-tolerant plant species adapted to Western Canada were screened for hydrocarbon tolerance.   Twelve species including 4 naturalized grasses, 3 naturalized legumes,  2 native forbs, 1 native grass, and 2 native legumes showed phytoremediation potential.   Addition of 0.5%, 1% and 5% crude oil, compared to a control, reduced total biomass by greater than 22% and relative growth rate of all species except Psoralea esculenta.


memo:
In a greenhouse study 39 cold-tolerant plant species adapted to Western Canada were screened for hydrocarbon tolerance.   Twelve species including 4 naturalized grasses, 3 naturalized legumes,  2 native forbs, 1 native grass, and 2 native legumes showed phytoremediation potential.   Addition of 0.5%, 1% and 5% crude oil, compared to a control, reduced total biomass by greater than 22% and relative growth rate of all species except Psoralea esculenta. Pediomelum esculentum (Pursh) Rydb is the current accepted name for Psoralea esculenta.


memo:
field application at chemical plant, gw 30-35ft bgs, goal is to fortify 10 well extraction system and keep plume onsite, trees planted in 5.5ft casing to promote deep rooting


memo:
field application in wetland, C14 labeled TCE, mass balance done, cattails sampled from center of wetland, combination of volatilization and degradation


memo:
field application in wetland, C14 labeled TCE, mass balance done, poplar trees sampled on edges of wetland, combination of volatilization and degradation


memo:
Burken and Schnoor-11 c14 labed VOCs tested from uptake, distribution, and volatilization, Uptake and translocation of the contaminants ranged from < 0.3% (of the applied 14C-labeled compd.) for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene to 20% for benzene.


memo:
Hydroponic study of poplar of 12 VOCs in hydroponic solution for uptake, translocation, and distribution.   logKow useful but not fully accurate in predicting plant uptake.


memo:
Burken and Schnoor: uptake and fate of C14 labeled atrazine in two soil types shows potential for degradation in plants


memo:
Burken, et al.: study 1-hyb poplar cuttings grown with difference concentrations of benzene in water, no acute toxicity below 1000ppm; second study showed benzene degradation can be enhanged in plant tissue


memo:
relative uptake of groundwater vs surface water is variable depending on conditions such as soil moisture


memo:
greenhouse test cutting grown at 3 conc of Zn (1, 100, 1000 micromoles), effect on growth and phytosynthesis documented


memo:
field application in TCE plume at depth <3.5m with 5 years monitoring data, good evidence of enhanced reductive dechlorination, hydraulic control by evapotranspiration, and phytodegradation within trees


memo:
This field test used poplar trees to evaluate groundwater use and hydraulic control of a BTEX plume in Ogden, UT.  The paper also summarizes five other field sites using poplar.  Forty trees were planted in three 100 foot rows.  Groundwater flux was monitored using pieziometers and continuously monitored groundwater depth using pressure transducers and a data logger.  Sap flow and leaf area was used to estimate evapotranspiration.  Root structure was also evaluated directly with trenches and excavation of trees.   Groundwater use per tree was estimated.  In the third year of monitoring no direct effect on groundwater flow was clearly shown by local depression of the water table.  This site was one of the first field sites to do this kind of monitoring.


memo:
field test in Ft. Worth, TX to see if increased organic matter from poplar trees can enhance anaeobic microbial populations to increase reductive dechlorination of TCE.  After 2 years trees had not matured enough to have anaerobic microbial community but this was present under an existing 22 year-old tree.


memo:
regulatory approved phytobarrier at former filling station in Ohio, trees changed hydraulic gradient and increase aerobic conditions to promote microbial degradation


memo:
lab, greenhouse, and field studies of poplar cells and trees suggest a significant portion of TCE taken up by plants is phytodegraded rather than volatilized


memo:
lab, modeling, and field study demonstrate hybraulic containment potential of MTBE


memo:
Pilot study of VOC plume monitored for 5 years for sap flow, gw depth, soil and plant gasses show VOCs taken into trees and volatilized or degraded in plants.  There may also be enhance degradation in the rhizosphere.  Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.


memo:
greenhouse study of 6 tropical coastal species in soil contaminated with 1% no. 2 diesel.  Enhanced microbial populations observed in rhizosphere .


memo:
greenhouse study of 6 tropical coastal species in soil contaminated with 1% no. 2 diesel.  Enhanced microbial populations observed in rhizosphere.


memo:
poplar cuttings grown for 6 weeks in different conc of 5 PAHs.  Looked for metabolites of PAHs associated with root zone compared to unplanted control.  Concluded microbial activity in rhizosphere enhanced breakdown of PAHs


memo:
RTDF field trials tested many species at 13 locations.  Many species tolerated weathered hydrocarbons, poplar was planted at two former manufactured gas plants.  In three years the effect of poplar on PAH degradation was difficult to show, but plant grew well..


memo:
The paper is an excellent review of how to use poplar trees to monitor contaminant fate and transport  in groundwater.  Many common monitoring methods are explained.  Direct methdos include monitoring diurnal fluctuations in groundwater depth, and groundwater flux using upgradient and downgradient monitoring wells.  An Indirect method uses sap flow monitoring to estimate evapotranspiration.  The source of water used by poplar trees can be estimated chemically using stable isotopes or mechanically using tensiometers to measures soil matric potential (moisture) next to tree roots.  Contaminant mass reduction also can be directly measured  to determine contaminant fate.  This paper is a good initial guide to these methods.


memo:
Field trial of 17 poplar clones grown in a short rotation coppice plantation was established in Belgium and cut after season 1 and 6.  In the next two years wood was sampled for Al, Cd, and Zn accumulation.  Clones varied in amount of metal phytoextracted.  Phytoextraction potential was determined by aboveground metal concentration and biomass production.  Clone fritzi Pauley accumulated 1.4 kg/ha of Al in 2 years.  Over two years, clones Wolterson and Balsam Spire showed relatively high phytoextraction of Cd and Zn with 47 and 57 g/ha removed for Cd and 2.4 and 2.0 kg/ha removed for Zn.  Concluded phytoextraction would be effective on soils with low metal contamination.


memo:
sunflower and hybrid poplar grown in biosolids. Concentration treatments of EDTA chelating agent did not affect metal accumulation


memo:
hydroponic study of MTBE in water showing uptake and volatilization of MTBE


memo:
hydroponic, soil, and field studies of uptake and volatilization of TCE.  TCE concentrations in stems and leaves decreases with height aboveground.


memo:
cleanup of perchlorate contaminated water studied in hydroponic bioreactors. Degradation occurred by rhizodegradation and phytodegradation.  Perchlorate concentrations varied from 10-100 mg/kg to < 2mg/kg. Phytoremediation strategy by irrigating plantation with contaminated water was proposed.


memo:
Olson et al. 2003 Ecology of rhizosphere bioremediation documents natural plant colonization of sites contaminated with persistent organics and the forensic evidence for long term rhizodegradation, many species are included


memo:
Olson et al. 2003 Ecology of rhizosphere bioremediation documents natural plant colonization of sites contaminated with persistent organics and the forensic evidence for long term rhizodegradation, many species are included, mulberry may have root exudates that enhance microbial flora to promote bioremediation


memo:
Orchard et al. 2000, Discuss conflicting reports of TSCF for TCE, growth chamber study supports much lower TCE uptake and volatilization rates than reported elsewhere.


memo:
rates of volatilization of Se dependent on speciation of Se with selenomethionine showing highest phyto volatilization by 230 fold.


memo:
Field application of use of hybrid poplar and will for hydraulic control of VOC plume at Argonne National Lab using deep rooting technology, upgradient and downgradient wells and evapotranspiration monitored for  6 years


memo:
laboratory studies documented lack of rhizodegradation of MTBE using vegetated and unvegetated treatments and documenting mass balances


memo:
greenhouse studies to distinguish between phytovolatilization through transpiration stream vs physical volatilization.  Documented MTBE mass reduction of 30% in one week.  TSCF estmated as 1.00


memo:
greenhouse trial with nutrient and oxygen amendments by addition of ORC delivered in coffee filters.  Oxygen addition resulted in 145% increase in biomass suggesting that oxygen status should be considered in phytoremediation plantings.


memo:
natural and chelator induced accumulation of Cd in poplar and willow showed potential to remove 100 yrs accumulation of Cd from fertilizer additions in one season.


memo:
hydroponic exp  poplar cuttings resulted in 30% reduction of MTBE in water within one week.  Reduction of MTBE was correlated with transpiration and MTBE was detected in the plants.  Suggests high potential for phytoremediation of MTBE in groundwater.


memo:
greenhouse study with labeled aldrin, fungicide used to suppress mycorrhizae. Most radiolabel in roots was not related to mycorrhizae and was bound at root surface.  Uptake of  C14 label of dieldrin was correlated with level of mycorrhizal infection, no aldrin was detected in plant tissues.  Some transformation products observed in the soil.


memo:
greenhouse study with labeled PCBs, fungicide used to suppress mycorrhizae. Radiolabel uptake was low and related to transpiration.


memo:
Two poplar clones commonly used in Italy were grown amended with biosoids with nonhazardous levels of Zn, Cu, Cr, and Cd. Organic waste amended soils produced higher biomass.  Clones and soil treatments varied for Zn, Cr, and Cu uptake.  No uptake of Cd was observed.  Phytoextraction and phytostabilization mechanism may function in these clones.


memo:
Extensive review of fate of TCE in hybrid poplar


memo:
Greenhouse experiment comparing tolerance to diesel of 16 black poplar clones and 4 herbacious species.  Microbial diversity in rhizosphere was studied.


memo:
Lab hydroponic and soil studies of TNT fate and transport showed differences in bioavailability, uptake, transport and extractability of TNT.  Some metabolites of TNT observed.  Fate and toxicity issues need to be considered in considering phytoremediation.


memo:
Lab hydroponic solutions and tissue cultures of hybrid poplar were treated with 36Cl radiolabeled perchlorate.  Transport and transformate of perchlorate was monitored showing about 30% gets into poplar leaves and most of the rest stays in solution. Partial reduction of 36Cl04 occures to 36ClO3, 36ClO2, and 36Cl.


memo:
Methylobacterium species (strain BJ001) isolate from hybrid poplar tissue shown to degrade TNT, RDX, HMX.  Bacteria may be naturally occuring and contribute to natural attenuation of explosives.


memo:
Poplar tissue cultures and leaf extracts partially degraded RDX to greater extent than abiotic transformation.  Intitial reactions did not require light but a second phase of further degradation required light.  Final phase of transformation to CO2 required light.  First demostration of plant mediated transformation of RDX to CO2


var:
** look at article to improve results descrip.

memo:
Fate of CT determined by estimating evapotranspiration of hybrid poplar and accumulator of chloride ion in plant tissues and soil.  12-15 mg/L CT feed to trees with over 99% removal.  Cloride ion stayed in soil. Suggested plant uptake and dechlorination is primary mechanism of phytremediation but this needs to be checked.


memo:
Review of MTBE phytoremediation, exp with hybrid poplar in hydroponics sytems with addition of MTBE to study uptake and volatilization of MTBE


memo:
HMX accumulation and toxicity studied in hybrid poplar,  roots concentration factor was 5.55 and TSCF was 0.21.  No transformation occurred in the plants.  HMX leached out of fallen leaves with deionized water after 5 days.  Phytoaccumulation of HMX would need to also provide way to degrade HMX to innocuous metabolites.


memo:
field test where effective and ineffective alfalfa, wheat, and corn were grown upgradient of a Nitrate plume and irrigated with the contaminated groundwater. 972 kgN/ha N removed in 3 years for alfalfa vs 278 kgN/ha for annual grains.  540 kg N was removed from aquifer with 4.9 million gallons of water.  Both effective and ineffect strains accumulated nitrate.  After 3 years gw levels were lower and more stable in alfalfa area versus area in annual crops..


memo:
Alfalfa grown on landfarm soils with 6.5% oil and grease to test if phytoremediation can help increase the application cappacity of landfarms.  Oil and Grease were decrease 33% and 39% in two fields thus allowing futher oil application for landfarming.


memo:
Growth of insects feeding on alfalfa irrigated with selenate contaminated water.  Beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, and their wasp parasatoids, Cotesia marginiventris, may influence alfalfa phytoremediation ability by uptake and transformation of selenium species.


memo:
Field test of alfalfa, pole bean, ryegrass accumulation of weathered DDE showed significant decrease in soil concentrations for alfalfa and ryegrass and decrease in DDE in rhizosphere versus bulk soil for pole beans.   No measurable DDE was translocated ot the roof.


memo:
greenhouse study of effect of organic amendments on plant growth in crude oil contaminated soil.  Broiler litter ammendments produced greatest reductions in TPH over 14 wk trial.  Study demonstrated importance of species selection an management such as amendments for phytoremediation.


memo:
Medicago sativa, Vicia faba, and Lolium perenne showed normal growth in 1% TPH and showed degradation of 37%, 36%, and 24% respectively.  Author concludes legumes are superior for rhizodegradation of petroleum.


memo:
Multiple studies including axenic poplar tumor cells demonstrated TCE uptake and transformation in plants


memo:
Multiple species (woody, edible, wetland) tested for perchlorate uptake and transformation in plants and transformation by rhizosphere organisms.


memo:
Plants were grown in hydroponic solution with Rhizobium, EDB and TCE metabolized by plant to produce bromide and trichlorethanol. Several tree organs appeared to capable of degradation.


memo:
Review of TCE uptake and metabolism at field sites in Utah and Florida.TCE uptake, plant tissue samples, transpiration samples.  Discuss complexities of determining fate of TCE in plants.


memo:
Reeves et al. 1983b: Ni [11200 µg/g]
Reeves 1988: Ni [8240-24600 µg/g in leaf]; Zn [38-694 µg/g in leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Greenhouse screening test for growth in petroleum contaminated soil.  TPH concentrations 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3.1 percent were used.  At 1% TPH, alfalfa germination was reduced 50% and root growth reduced by 31%.


memo:
Pilot field study of microbial activity in rhizosphere of plants grown in crude oil spill area of sandy Kuwait desert soil.  Microbial numbers were higher in planted treatments.


memo:
Laboratory study of alpine bluegrass and alfalfa exposed to a mixture of hydrocarbons in jars to study the effect of plants on microbial degrader numbers.  Higher number of microbes in rhizosphere compared to bulk soil.


memo:
Greenhouse study evaluated tolerance to different concentrations of MOC (mixture of organic chemicals).  Plant growth was evaluated for 6 or 10 weeks at two temperatures 25C and 10C.  Concentrations of 0, 1000, & 2000 mg/kg soil allowed for adequate plant growth; 4000 & 8000 mg/kg soil caused significant growth inhibition and death.  A second study for 14 weeks used concentration of 0 and 2000 mg/kg MOC.  Additional phytopet link:  http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=33&currentRec=3&totalRec=3


memo:
Pilot study in Fairbanks, Alaska testing crude oil and diesel degradation ability of annual ryegrass and red fescue compared with an unplanted control.  Planted treatments resulted in lower TPH after 640 days.  Initial crude oil TPH was 6200 mg/kg and final unplanted was 2500 mg/kg and 1400 mg/kg with ryegrass and red fescue.  Initial diesel TPH was 8350 mg/kg and final unplanted was 2200 mg/kg and 700  mg/kg with ryegrass and red fescue.  Additional phytopet link:  http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=20&currentRec=2&totalRec=3


memo:
Natural recovery of plant species after 1 year was surveyed in Prudheo Bay, Alaska. Initial contamination was about 12 L/m2.  After 1 year plants were small but numerous.


memo:
Greenhouse study comparing growth of barley and field pea in soil before and after bioremediation of TPH contaminated soil.  TPH concentrations were Uncontaminated soil = 0 mg TPH/kg soil; solvent-treated soil = 5,000 mg/kg; bioremediated soil = 25,000 mg/kg;and  oil-contaminated soil = 55,000 mg/kg.  Root growth  declined with increasing oil content, but roots still grew at highest TPHl concentrations; microbial activity was greater in bioremediated & oil-contaminated soil compared to uncontaminated & solvent-treated soil.


memo:
Greenhouse of fate of 14C labeled naphthalene in soil planted with rhodesgrass variety ‘Bell’ for 21 days.   From initial concentration of 100 mg/kg soil 19% of label remained in unplanted control and 8% of label with rhodesgrass.  Volitalization may have been a significant mechanism of dissipation.


memo:
Greenhouse study evaluated tolerance to different concentrations of MOC (mixture of organic chemicals).  Plant growth was evaluated for 6 or 10 weeks at two temperatures 25C and 10C.  Concentrations of 0, 1000, & 2000 mg/kg soil allowed for adequate plant growth; 4000 & 8000 mg/kg soil caused significant growth inhibition and death.


memo:
Botanical survey of plant succession in PAH contaminated sludge basin.  Survey took place 15 years after basin was drained.  Total ground cover of burmudagrass was 18.9%


memo:
Greenhouse trial with mixture of 8 native species to test degradation of 10 mg/kg spike of 4 PAHs (benz(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene, and crysene.  Vegetation was compared with unplanted control.  Vegetation showed  some evidence of enhanced degradation.

http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=3&currentRec=1
http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=3&currentRec=2&totalRec=4
http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=3&currentRec=3&totalRec=4
http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=3&currentRec=4&totalRec=4


memo:
Field study in Colorado of plant succession in spent oil shale.  Big sagebrush had plant cover of 3.1%.


memo:
Field survey of plants naturally colonizing hydrocarbon contaminated bituminous shale site in Scotland and asphalt dust originated from a mine in France.  Nitrogen fixing legumes may have been associated with hydrocarbon tolerance.


memo:
Greenhouse study with soil artificially contaminated with bitumen (tar).  After 16 weeks planted treatments showed greater hydrocarbon reduction than unplanted controls.


memo:
Greenhouse trial with mixture of 8 native species to test degradation of 10 mg/kg spike of 4 PAHs (benz(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene, and crysene.  Vegetation was compared with unplanted control.  Vegetation showed  some evidence of enhanced degradation.

http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=6&currentRec=1
http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=6&currentRec=1&totalRec=4
http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=6&currentRec=3&totalRec=4
http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=6&currentRec=4&totalRec=4


memo:
Field monitoring for five years to study effect of crude oil spill on boreal forest community.  Initial TPH concentration was about 9.1L/m2.


memo:
Botanical survey of plant succession in PAH contaminated sludge basin.  Survey took place 15 years after basin was drained.  Total ground cover of boneset was 1.5%.


memo:
Greenhouse trial with mixture of 8 native species to test degradation of 10 mg/kg spike of 4 PAHs (benz(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene, and crysene.  Vegetation was compared with unplanted control.  Vegetation showed  some evidence of enhanced degradation.

http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=12&currentRec=1
http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=12&currentRec=2&totalRec=4
http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=12&currentRec=3&totalRec=4
http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=12&currentRec=4&totalRec=4


memo:
Botanical survey of plant succession in PAH contaminated sludge basin.  Survey took place 15 years after basin was drained.  Total ground cover of canela was 1.9%.


memo:
Laboratory germination test of 22 forage and crop species exposed to 0, 25, and 50 g/kg diesel fuel.  Germination % with 50g/kg diesel was 95%.


memo:
Greenhouse study of PAH uptake in carrot peels after 82 days.  From 17.22 mg/kg dry weight initial total PAHs in soil, 200 ug/kg dry weight total PAHs was observed as maximum in peel.


memo:
Cattail and phragmites were exposed to 15-20 mg/L of hydrocarbons in water for 15 days residence time in a constructed wetland.  Hydrocarbon removal rates were 100% in the summer and winter with aeration.


memo:
Germination trial with Capcicum and maize seeds soaked in crude oil for 24 hours to 32 weeks.  No delay in germination was observed for C. frutescens.


memo:
Greenhouse study with 2 species of Spartina growing in crude oil contaminated marsh soil from Louisiana.   Oil spill had previously killed vegetation in this soil.  Fertilization treatments were also used.  Concentrations of hydrocarbons decreased after 1 year.  No unplanted control.


memo:
Greenhouse study for 30 days with crested wheatgrass exposed to 100 mg/kg C14 labeled pentachlorophenol.  36% of PCP was in plant tissue and 22% was mineralized.


memo:
Greenhouse study of fate of 100mg/kg pyrene after 6 months in planted and unplanted system.  73% of phyrene remained at end of study.


var:
old name for Dichanthelium clandestinum (L.) Gould


memo:
Hydroponic study of fate of three PAHs (anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, and phenanthrene) in duckweed.  15 ug of parent PAH /g fresh water was assimilated probably through adsorption.


memo:
Cultured duckweed cells exposed to phenanthrene and its photoproduct phenanthrenequinone for 8 days. Toxicity of phenanthrene  was lower under simulated solar radiation than from visible light.  Photoproducted had lower toxicity.


memo:
Botanical survey of plant succession in PAH contaminated sludge basin.  Survey took place 15 years after basin was drained.  Total ground cover of Eastern baccharis was 1.9%.


memo:
Greeenhouse and lab studies exposing fababean to 1, 5, and 10% crude oil mixed in Kuwait desert sands.  Fababean germination at 5% oil was 82% and at 10%, 49%.  Increasing oil decreased plant height, and leaf area, but did not have much effect on root length.  Higher degradation was seen in soil with plants compared to no plants.  Roots and shoots did not appear to accumulate oil but seeds had higher concentrations of long chain fatty acids that may suggest the seeds should not be consumed by animals or humans.  Additional phytopet links:  http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=47&currentRec=3&totalRec=9  http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=47&currentRec=5&totalRec=9  http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=47&currentRec=9&totalRec=9


memo:
Botanical survey of plant succession in PAH contaminated sludge basin.  Survey took place 15 years after basin was drained.  Total ground cover of giant ragweed was 1.1%.


memo:
Botanical survey of plant succession in PAH contaminated sludge basin.  Survey took place 15 years after basin was drained.  Total ground cover of goldenrod was 3.4%.


memo:
A hydrocarbon spill of No. 2 fuel oil from an above ground storage tank was characterized and hybid willows were planted on four hot spots.  Petroleum hydrocarbons estimated as DRO varied from 4 to 5000 mg/kg.  Remedial objective was 1000 mg/kg, as determined by Wisconsin Dept of Natural Resources.  Microbial enumerations were made.  Decreases in DRO  of 40-90% were observed.  Study was reported after two years.


memo:
Greenhouse trial with mixture of 8 native species to test degradation of 10 mg/kg spike of 4 PAHs (benz(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene, and crysene.  Vegetation was compared with unplanted control.  Vegetation showed  some evidence of enhanced degradation.

http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=40&currentRec=1
http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=40&currentRec=2&totalRec=4
http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=40&currentRec=3&totalRec=4
http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=40&currentRec=4&totalRec=4


memo:
Jack pine was exposed to diesel fuel in sand  for 1-2 years.  Treatments were 0, 2100, 2400, 6900, 10000, and 22000 ppm diesel for planted and unplanted treatments.  Jack pine survived all contamination levels.


memo:
Pilot study of Jack pine growing in overburden and overburden over extracted oil sands in Canada.  Plants grew well for 13-16 weeks.


memo:
A field pilot study compared Verde kleingrass with no vegetation grown in PAH contaminated soil at an industrial site in Texas.  The study was monitored for 156 weeks. Plant uptake analysis showed no PAHs in aboveground plant tissue.

At the end of the trial the following concentrations were observed:
benzo[a]anthracene   unplanted control=~0.4 mg/kg soil 
Kleingrass=~0.1 mg/kg soil
benzo[a]pyrene   unplanted control=~0.5 mg/kg soil; 
Kleingrass=~0.3 mg/kg soil
chrysene    unplanted control=~0.4 mg /kg soil; 
Kleingrass=~0.2 mg/kg soil
Fluorine   unplanted control=~13mg /kg soil; 
Kleingrass=<1 mg/kg soil
Naphthalene    unplanted control=~100 mg /kg soil; 
Kleingrass=~2 mg/kg soil
Phenanthrene   unplanted control=~9 mg /kg soil; 
Kleingrass=~2 mg/kg soil
Pyrene   unplanted control=~1.7 mg /kg soil; 
Kleingrass=~0.4 mg/kg soil


Each link is for a different PAH:
http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=26&currentRec=1
http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=26&currentRec=2&totalRec=7
http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=26&currentRec=3&totalRec=7
http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=26&currentRec=4&totalRec=7
http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=26&currentRec=5&totalRec=7
http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=26&currentRec=6&totalRec=7
http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=26&currentRec=7&totalRec=7


memo:
Anthracene was spiked at 1, 5, and 10 g/kg to study the effect of a PAH on mychorhizal colonization in several crop plants. Innoculation helped increase leek survival.


memo:
Greenhouse trial with mixture of 8 native species to test degradation of 10 mg/kg spike of 4 PAHs (benz(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene, and crysene.  Vegetation was compared with unplanted control.  Vegetation showed  some evidence of enhanced degradation.

http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=37&currentRec=1
http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=37&currentRec=2&totalRec=5
http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=37&currentRec=3&totalRec=5
http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=37&currentRec=4&totalRec=5


memo:
Greenhouse study compared alfalfa, little bluestem and switchgrass with no vegetation on MGP soil from New Jersey.  It  resulted in 57% total PAH reduction in 6 months and them another 15% during an alfalfa polishing step.


memo:
Greenhouse study using crude oil impacted soil in Kuwait with 10% TPH was planted to maize was observed after 4 weeks..  Rhizosphere soil around plant roots was judged to be visibly cleanger than no rhizosphere soil.


memo:
Germination trial with Capcicum and maize seeds soaked in crude oil for 24 hours to 32 weeks.  Maize germination was delayed and reduced to 10% after soaking seed for 16 weeks.


memo:
Greenhouse test of tolerance and plant hydrocarbon uptake for 6000 and 12000 mg/kg.   Plants were grown for 110 days.  No maize growth inhibition at 6000mg/kg and 30 reduction in growth at 12,000 mg/kg.  No petroleum hydrocarbons were found in the stems and leaves.


memo:
Greenhouse test of maize grown in 250mg/kg fuel oil for 120 days.  83.5% oil remaining in unfertilized treatment and 36% remained in fertilized treatment.


memo:
Pilot study in drill cuttings with 150, 300, and 600 g/m2 of oil. In the first year maize was planted 3 days after soil preparation.  Wheat was planted the second year and peas the third year.   Degradation rates were 6,  11, and 23 g oil per m2 per month.  Maize growth was reduced.


memo:
Anthracene was spiked at 1, 5, and 10 g/kg to study the effect of a PAH on mychorhizal colonization in several crop plants.


memo:
Maize was grown for 24 days to extract root exudates that were added to unplanted soil contaminated with pyrene.   Greater dissipation of pyrene was observed in rhizosphere soils with plants compared to unplanted soil with added root exudates.


memo:
Lab study with mint to determine if Agrobacterium rhizogenes enhances phenol production by roots.  Phenol root exudates may enhance phytoremediation capability.


memo:
Botanical survey of plant succession in PAH contaminated sludge basin.  Survey took place 15 years after basin was drained.  Total ground cover of mulberry was 36.2%.


memo:
Pilot study with cultivated oats in Maidstone, SK Canada.  Oats planted 2 years after oil application in 2.1% and 4.6% oil (w/w).  Plant biomass was 150% of control at low oil and 5% of control at high oil.


memo:
Greenhouse screening of 29 species for growth in petroleum contaminated soil with TPH average of 25000 mg/kg.  Plants evaluated 60 and 180 days in TPH contaminated soil and 60 days in control soil.  Orchardgrass varieties Berber and Paiute ranked fourth and fifth for root length density.


memo:
Fifteen day study of soybean and pea effects on phenanthrene degradation.  Plants were grown for 14 days and removed from hydroponic sand culture.  Sand was spiked with 10 mg/kg phenanthrene.  Cocentrations did decline.  The purpose of the was to develop and rapid screening system to select phytoremediation species.


memo:
Microbial study of 7 year old hybrid poplar exposed to benzene, toluene, and o-xylene.  Five times greater microbial numbers were observed in BTEX contaminated soil compared to bulk soil.


memo:
A field pilot study compared buffalograss with no vegetation grown in PAH contaminated soil at an industrial site in Texas.  Grass was planted as sod.  The study was monitored for 156 weeks. Plant uptake analysis showed no PAHs in aboveground plant tissue.

At the end of the trial the following concentrations were observed:
benzo[a]anthracene	unplanted control=~0.4 mg/kg soil 
Kleingrass=~0.1 mg/kg soil
Fluorine		unplanted control=~13mg /kg soil; 
buffalograss=3 mg/kg soil
Naphthalene		 unplanted control=~100 mg /kg soil; 
buffalograss =~22 mg/kg soil
Phenanthrene		unplanted control=~9 mg /kg soil; 
buffalograss =~7 mg/kg soil

Each link is for a different PAH:
http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=8&currentRec=1
http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=8&currentRec=2&totalRec=4
http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=8&currentRec=3&totalRec=4
http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=8&currentRec=4&totalRec=4


memo:
Pilot study in Fairbanks, Alaska testing crude oil and diesel degradation ability of annual ryegrass and red fescue compared with an unplanted control.  Planted treatments resulted in lower TPH after 640 days.  Initial crude oil TPH was 6200 mg/kg and final unplanted was 2500 mg/kg and 1400 mg/kg with ryegrass and red fescue.  Initial diesel TPH was 8350 mg/kg and final unplanted was 2200 mg/kg and 700  mg/kg with ryegrass and red fescue.  Additional phytopet link:  http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=15&currentRec=2&totalRec=4


memo:
Greenhouse screening of 29 species for growth in petroleum contaminated soil with TPH average of 25000 mg/kg.  Plants evaluated 60 and 180 days in TPH contaminated soil and 60 days in control soil.  

Red fescue varieties ‘common’ and ‘Molate’ were the third and sixth highest ranking plant for root length density in contaminated soil after 180 days growth.


memo:
Hydroponics studies of 10 days and 4 weeks evaluating effect of phenol and phenanthrene separately and as a mixture  on growth of reed canarygrass and phragmites.  Concentrations of phenol were 25, 50, 100, and 150 mg/L.  Concentrations of phenanthrene were 1, 5, 10, and 25 mg/L.   Low phenol concentrations used and a stimulating effect on plant growth.  Damaging effects were seen at 100 mg/L.  Phenanthrene concentrations used and low bioavailability resulted in no effect on plant growth.


memo:
Field study in Colorado of plant succession in spent oil shale.  Rubber rabbit brush had plant cover of 1.9%%.


memo:
Laboratory study for days to study adsorption and degredation of naphthalene.


memo:
Two 40 day studies of the effect of PAHs on mychorhizae growth.  Anthracene was spiked at 1, 5, and 10 g/kg to study the effect of a PAH on mychorhizal colonization in several crop plants.          In a second study, Lolium perene was exposed to PAH contaminated soil with 8179 mg/kg total PAHs.  http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=21&currentRec=2&totalRec=9         http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=21&currentRec=7&totalRec=9


memo:
Greenhouse study for 84 and 102 days to study ryegrass effect on degradation of diesel contaminated soil.  Initial TPH concentrations were 6400 mg/kg and final was 2560 mg/kg for 102 day study and 665 for 84 day study.


memo:
Germination test where seeds were presoaked in 10 ml diesel for 0 to 24 weeks. Perennial ryegrass has germination of over 75% for all treatments and shoot emergence 23% after 2 weeks germination time.


memo:
Greenhouse study for 22 weeks with perennial ryegrass and unplanted treatments to monitor degradation of hydrocarbon contaminated soil.  Initial concentrations were 4330 mg/kg with final concentration of 790 mg/kg in unplanted control and 120 mg/kg in ryegrass columns.


memo:
Greenhouse screening of 29 species for growth in petroleum contaminated soil with TPH average of 25000 mg/kg.  Plants evaluated 60 and 180 days in TPH contaminated soil and 60 days in control soil.  

Perennial ryegrass variety ‘Linn’ was the second highest ranking plant for root length density in contaminated soil after 60 and 180 days growth


memo:
Greenhouse screening test for growth in petroleum contaminated soil.  TPH concentrations 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3.1 percent were used.  At 3.1% TPH, perennial ryegrass germination was reduced by less than  50%. At 1% TPH root growth was reduced by 57%.


memo:
Greenhouse study of 4 and 24 weeks for chlorobenzoate contaminated soil planted to a hybird ryegrass (L. multiflorum x L. perrene).  Initial concentration was 100 mg/kg.  No chlorobenzoate was present after 5 days.


memo:
Field study in Colorado of plant succession in spent oil shale.  Sascatoon serviceberry had 3.2% cover.


memo:
Botanical survey of plant succession in PAH contaminated sludge basin.  Survey took place 15 years after basin was drained.  Total ground cover of seashore vervain was 1.9%.


memo:
Field study in Colorado of plant succession in spent oil shale.  Shadscale saltbush hadplant cover of  8.5%.


memo:
Botanical survey 11 years after an oil spill killed all vegetation in Alaskan spruce taiga.  Only sheathed cotton-grass and woodland horsetail  grew in the oil impacted soil.


memo:
Greenhouse trial with mixture of 8 native species to test degradation of 10 mg/kg spike of 4 PAHs (benz(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene, and crysene.  Vegetation was compared with unplanted control. Vegetation showed  some evidence of enhanced degradation.

http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=5&currentRec=1
http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=5&currentRec=2&totalRec=4
http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=5&currentRec=3&totalRec=4
http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=5&currentRec=4&totalRec=4


memo:
Wild oats was exposed to phenanthrene in a 42 day greenhouse study to study short term degradation rates to 3% crude oil with spike of 130 mg/kg phenanthrene.  Microbes were 3 times higher in rhizosphere soil.  Degradation was higher in planted compared to unplanted soil.  1% of phenanthrene remained at the end of the study.


memo:
Pilot study of slender wheatgrass growing in overburden and overburden over extracted oil sands in Canada.  Plants grew well for 13-16 weeks.


memo:
Botanical survey of plant succession in PAH contaminated sludge basin.  Survey took place 15 years after basin was drained.  Total ground cover of Southern crabgrass was 1.3%


memo:
Hydroponic study with 1-2 week old soybean plants exposed to  0.0036, 0.005, and 0.0117 mg/L C14 labeled antracene in solution.  Sixteen percent of activity remained in solution, while 65% was in roots, 3% in stems, and 2% in leaves


memo:
A greenhouse study with soybean was planted in soil with crude oil applied at 0 to 160cc oil per gallon of soil.  Soybean tolerated the crude oil.


memo:
Greenhouse study will 100mg/kg anthracene and phyrene added to previously landfarmed contaminated soil.  Sudangrass, switchgrass, alfalfa, and tall fescue were tested.  The PAHs declined >99% usually by 4 weeks of a 24 week study.  No detecable accumulation of PAHs in plant tissue was observed. Additional phytopet link:  http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=41&currentRec=2&totalRec=2


memo:
Botanical survey of plant succession in PAH contaminated sludge basin.  Survey took place 15 years after basin was drained.  Total ground cover of sugarberry 2.8%


memo:
Botanical survey of plant succession in PAH contaminated sludge basin.  Survey took place 15 years after basin was drained.  Total ground cover of sunflower was 9.4%


memo:
Greenhouse study will 100mg/kg anthracene and phyrene added to previously landfarmed contaminated soil.  Sudangrass, switchgrass, alfalfa, and tall fescue were tested.  The PAHs declined >99% usually by 4 weeks of a 24 week study.  No detecable accumulation of PAHs in plant tissue was observed. Additional phytopet link:  http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=27&currentRec=7&totalRec=7


memo:
Greenhouse trial with mixture of 8 native species to test degradation of 10 mg/kg spike of 4 PAHs (benz(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene, and crysene.  Vegetation was compared with unplanted control.  Vegetation did show some evidence of enhance degradation.

http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=27&currentRec=2&totalRec=7
http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=27&currentRec=3&totalRec=7
http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=27&currentRec=4&totalRec=7
http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=27&currentRec=5&totalRec=7


memo:
Greenhouse study will 100mg/kg anthracene and phyrene added to previously landfarmed contaminated soil.  Sudangrass, switchgrass, alfalfa, and tall fescue were tested.  The PAHs declined >99% usually by 4 weeks of a 24 week study.  No detecable accumulation of PAHs in plant tissue was observed. Additional phytopet link:  http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=14&currentRec=7&totalRec=8


memo:
Greenhouse study for 6 months with tall fescue grown in soil with 220 mg/kg PAHs, 26 mg/kg PCBs, and spiked C14 labeled benzo(a)phyrene.  About 4% of label was mineralized in both planted and unplanted treatments.


memo:
Greenhouse trial of tall fescue degradation of benzo(a)pyrene using C14 labeled PAH. Initial concentration of 50 mg/kg was reduced 44% in 6 months.


memo:
Hydroponic study with 12 exposure of napthalene to determine the % exposure of the PAH to roots at different plant growth stages.


memo:
Greenhouse study to quantify the adsorption of naphthalene by the root of two species as a function of plant maturity.  After 150 days,  8.8 to 15% adsorbed onto fescue."  Initial Concentration of naphthalene was  0.5-5 mg/L  Adams and Duncan 1999 may not be the correct citation in Phytopet database.


memo:
Greenhouse screening of 29 species for growth in petroleum contaminated soil with TPH average of 25000 mg/kg.  Plants evaluated 60 and 180 days in TPH contaminated soil and 60 days in control soil.  

Tall fescue variety ‘Kentucky 31’ was the first ranking plant for root length density in contaminated soil after 60 and 180 days growth.  The species has very high hydrocarbon tolerance.


memo:
Greenhouse study testing tolerance of three squared bulrush to nine crude oil concentrations.  Transplant growth at hiigher concentrations of crude oil between 36-72 g oil/kg sediment were smaller than plants growing with no contamination.  Medium sulphurous crude was used to spike sediments and weathered form 12 hours before planting to remove some volatile compounds.


memo:
Pilot field study to determine if fertilizer additions enhance dissipation of light crude oil contaminated wetland soils.  No enhancement by fertilizer was observed.  Initial contamination was 6L/m2.  After 455 days, 10-15% of the TPH had dissipated.


memo:
Pilot study of three square bulrush degradation of crude oil monitored for 13 months.   Treatments also included fertilization and mowing.   Also studied exposure potential to fish.  Results are not clear from data available in summary.  Consult original paper.


memo:
Botanical survey of plant succession in PAH contaminated sludge basin.  Survey took place 15 years after basin was drained.  Total ground cover of umbrella sedge 3.9%.


memo:
Field study in Colorado of plant succession in spent oil shale.  Umbrellaplant had 2.5% mean  plant cove.


memo:
Botanical survey of plant succession in PAH contaminated sludge basin.  Survey took place 15 years after basin was drained.  Total ground cover of Vassey grass 2.5%.


memo:
Greenhouse trial with mixture of 8 native species to test degradation of 10 mg/kg spike of 4 PAHs (benz(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene, and crysene.  Vegetation was compared with unplanted control.  Vegetation showed  some evidence of enhanced degradation.

http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=2&currentRec=1
http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=2&currentRec=2&totalRec=4
http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=2&currentRec=3&totalRec=4
http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=2&currentRec=4&totalRec=4


memo:
Pilot study with wheat in Maidstone, SK Canada.  Planted 2 years after oil application in 2.1% and 4.6% oil (w/w).  Plant biomass was reduced compared to control.  Biomass was 28% of control at low oil and 0% of control at high oil.


memo:
Germination test where seeds were presoaked in 10 ml diesel for 0 to 24 weeks. White clover had germination of over 47% for all treatments and shoot emergence 72% after 2 weeks germination time.


memo:
Greenhouse study to assess the effect of long term application of oil-shale process water to soil.  Sweetclover biomass was 65% compared to control plants.


memo:
A field pilot study compared zoysia with no vegetation grown in PAH contaminated soil at an industrial site in Texas.  Grass was planted as sod.  The study was monitored for 156 weeks. Plant uptake analysis showed no PAHs in aboveground plant tissue.

At the end of the trial the following concentrations were observed:
Fluorine		unplanted control=~13mg /kg soil; 
zoysia =1 mg/kg soil
Naphthalene		 unplanted control=~100 mg /kg soil; 
zoysia =~10 mg/kg soil
Phenanthrene		unplanted control=~9 mg /kg soil; 
zoysia =~3 mg/kg soil

Each link is for a different PAH:
http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=49&currentRec=1
http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=49&currentRec=2&totalRec=3
http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=49&currentRec=3&totalRec=3


memo:
Dykeman and de Sousa 1966: Cu [1120 µg/g in twigs and leaves]. Specimens were analyzed at the Tantramar copper swamp in southeastern New Brunswick; copper in the peat ranged as high as 7% of dry weight (Dykeman and de Sousa 1966)


memo:
Memon and Yatazawa 1984: Mn [max 526 µg/g fresh weight]. The authors indicate this to be a hyperaccumulator of Mn although concentrations are given in fresh weight.


memo:
Aulio 1986: Cu [4.7 µg/g in shoot]; Zn [41.0 µg/g in shoot]; Mn [1168 µg/g in shoot]. The study by Aulio (1986) included 15 aquatics in the Kokemänjoki R. estuary  in western Finland.


memo:
Possible use for biogeochemical prospecting (Baker and Brooks 1989). Leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1978: Cu [3920 µg/g];  Co [2820 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1980: Co [1000 µg/g]
Baker and Brooks 1989


memo:
Brooks and Malaisse 1990: Cu [> 1000 µg/g].


memo:
In tests, this species can tolerate up to 9000 µg/g Cu (Morrison et al. 1981).


memo:
Jaffré 1980: Ni [2500 µg/g]
Baker and Brooks 1989


memo:
Porter and Peterson 1977: As [160-1980 µg/g in shoot]; Cu [2.5-37 µg/g in shoot]; Zn [10-360 µg/g in shoot]. Data are based on plants growing on mine waste sites high in arsenic (Porter and Peterson 1977).


memo:
Porter and Peterson 1977: As [160-1980 µg/g in shoot]; Cu [2.5-37 µg/g in shoot]; Zn [10-360 µg/g in shoot]


memo:
Benson et al. 1981: As [1070 µg/g in leaves); Cu [30 µg/g in leaves]; Zn [70 µg/g in leaves].


memo:
Porter and Peterson 1975: As [150-1100 µg/g; young to old leaves and 2000 µg/g in seeds].


memo:
Dushenkov et al. 1995: Pb [169 mg/g; root].


memo:
Pichtel and Salt 1998: Cu [23.5 µg/g in shoot]; Pb [121.9 µg/g in shoot]; Zn [239.9 µg/g in shoot]; Ni [39.1 µg/g in shoot]; Cr [995.4 µg/g in shoot].


memo:
Greenhouse study for 7 days with 100 day old alfalfa plants and no plant treatment exposed to 0.04 mg C14 labeled benzene.  No differences between treatments was observed with 21% of label remaining in soil for unplanted and 28% for alfalfa treatment.


var:
20 different genotypes of cultivar ’Riley’

memo:
Greenhouse study of genotypic variation among alfalfa plants for phytoremediation ability.  Plants were grown in soil artificially contaminated with crude oil at 20000 mg/kg.  After 12 months, TPH concentrations were 4610 mg TPH/kg soil in unplanted soil, 3799 mg/kg in soil with the  most effective clone (K94:839), and 5754 mg/kg in soil with least effective clone (K94:814).


memo:
Greenhouse study for 24 weeks where landfarm soil from Oklahoma was spiked with 3 PAHs and 2 aliphatic hydrocarbons.  Microbial numbers were higher in vegetated soil.


memo:
Greenhouse study evaluated tolerance to different concentrations of MOC (mixture of organic chemicals).  Plant growth was evaluated for 6 or 10 weeks at two temperatures 25C and 10C.  Concentrations of 0, 1000, & 2000 mg/kg soil allowed for adequate plant growth; 4000 & 8000 mg/kg soil caused significant growth inhibition and death.  A second study for 14 weeks used concentration of 0 and 2000 mg/kg MOC.  Additional phytopet link:  http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=24&currentRec=9


memo:
Greenhouse study of alfalfa grown for three weeks with phenol contaminated water applied at 250 mg/L (and toluene)..  Most of phenol was degraded in this time.


memo:
Greenhouse study will 100mg/kg anthracene and phyrene added to previously landfarmed contaminated soil.  Sudangrass, switchgrass, alfalfa, and tall fescue were tested.  The PAHs declined >99% usually by 4 weeks of a 24 week study.  No detecable accumulation of PAHs in plant tissue was observed. Additional phytopet link:  http://www.phytopet.usask.ca/experimentalData.php?PlantId=24&currentRec=1


memo:
Greenhouse study of alfalfa grown for three weeks with toluene saturated wat. Little toluene was degraded during this time.


memo:
Roberts 1992: Ni [616 µg/g]; Al [710 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Chen and Lin 1989: Hg [16-100 times conc. in root than in culture solution]. Seawater and sand culture techniques used with seedlings. After 4 weeks 3.5-21% of Hg from culture solution was absorbed.


memo:
Koe 1994 (values from roots): As [max 1800 mg/kg]; Pb [max 650 mg/kg]; Zn [max 580 mg/kg]; Cu [max 50 mg/kg];  Mn [max 1400 mg/kg]. High levels were recorded from the gold mine at Jales by Koe (1994).


memo:
Koe 1994 (values from roots): As [max 1800 mg/kg]; Pb [max 650 mg/kg]; Zn [max 580 mg/kg]; Cu [max 50 mg/kg];  Mn [max 1400 mg/kg]. Garcia Sanchez et al. 1996: As [1-3475 µg/g]. High levels were recorded from the gold mine at Jales by Koe (1994).


memo:
McLaughlin et al. 1985: Cu [41-75 µg/g in shoots; 367-799 µg/g in roots]; Ni [94-142 µg/g in shoots; 65-494 µg/g in roots]. Study by McLaughlin et al. (1985) provides a range of values for several metals depending on the type of washing of materials before analysis. The complete range of concentrations for each metal is recorded in the database.


memo:
Dushenkov et al. 1995: Pb [146 mg/g; root]


memo:
Masarovicova and Holubova 1998: Cu [ 933 mg/kg in shoot and 2607 mg/kg in root of sensitive plants and 1764 mg/kg in shoots and 10977 mg/kg in roots of tolerant plants]; Pb [12 mg/kg in shoots and 16 mg/kg in roots of tolerant plants]; Mn [113 mg/kg in shoots and 170 mg/kg in roots of tolerant plants]; Cd [0.6 mg/kg in shoots and 1.0 mg/kg in roots of tolerant plants]. 

Benson et al. 1981: As [1480 µg/g]; Cu [45 µg/g]; Zn [65 µg/g]. 

Porter and Peterson 1977: As [200-1350 µg/g in shoot]; Cu [10-55 µg/g in shoot]; Zn [20-340 µg/g in shoot]. Hunter et al. (1984): Cu [121.9 µg/g in shoot]; Cd [3.3 µg/g in shoot. Study by Masarovicova and Holubova (1998) was based on the use of pot experiments with seeds and soils collected from  area of heavy metal contaminated soils from Central Slovakia and seeds and soils from uncontaminated soils from SW Slovakia.


memo:
Masarovicova and Holubova 1998: Cu [ 933 mg/kg in shoot and 2607 mg/kg in root of sensitive plants and 1764 mg/kg in shoots and 10977 mg/kg in roots of tolerant plants]; Pb [12 mg/kg in shoots and 16 mg/kg in roots of tolerant plants]; Mn [113 mg/kg in shoots and 170 mg/kg in roots of tolerant plants]; Cd [0.6 mg/kg in shoots and 1.0 mg/kg in roots of tolerant plants]. http://www.jstor.org/pss/3544572

Benson et al. 1981: As [1480 µg/g]; Cu [45 µg/g]; Zn [65 µg/g]. 

Porter and Peterson 1977: As [200-1350 µg/g in shoot]; Cu [10-55 µg/g in shoot]; Zn [20-340 µg/g in shoot]. Hunter et al. (1984): Cu [121.9 µg/g in shoot]; Cd [3.3 µg/g in shoot. Study by Masarovicova and Holubova (1998) was based on the use of pot experiments with seeds and soils collected from  area of heavy metal contaminated soils from Central Slovakia and seeds and soils from uncontaminated soils from SW Slovakia.


memo:
Pichtel and Salt 1998: Pb 2932 µg/g in shoot; 9742 µg/g in root]


memo:
Brooks et al. 1980: Cu [1590 µg/g]. Baker and Brooks 1989


memo:
Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94: Ni [80-800 µg/g; leaf]. Qualitative color reactions were used for establishing relative concentrations using Waltham N-testing indicator papers (Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94)


memo:
Wolverton and McDonald 1975: Pb [max 0.101 mg/g dry wt. whole plant]; Hg [max 0.153 mg/g dry wt. whole plant]. This species has been recorded as an accumulator of Pb even though the concentration recorded was below the somewhat arbitrary 200 µg/g  minimum level.


memo:
Brooks et al. 1979: Ni [13500 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Rai et al. 1995: Cr [<156 µg/g]; Pb [< 828 µg/g]. Values for Rai et al. 1995 have been converted to µg/g dw. Whole plant


memo:
Brooks et al. 1979: Ni [9009 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks and Radford 1978 & Vergnano Gambi et al. 1979: Ni [4480 µg/g]. Leaf.


memo:
Brooks et al. 1979: Ni [8170 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1979; Vergnano Gambi et al. 1979; Vergnano Gambi and Gabbrielli 1979 & Reeves et al. 1983a: Ni [29400 µg/g; leaf]. 

Vergnano Gambi et al. 1982: Ni [5000-9500 µg/g]


memo:
Brooks and Radford 1978; Vergnano Gambi et al. 1979 & Minguzzi and Vergnano 1948: Ni [13400 µg/g;]. Vergnano Gambi 1992: Ni [9330 µg/g; Impruneta outcrop]; Ni [11860 µg/g; Monte Ferrato]. Pandolfini and Pancaro 1992: Ni [15900 µg/g; shoot and 2770 µg/g; root]. 

Robinson et  al. 1997: Ni [mean 7000 µg/g]. Vergnano Gambi  (1992) reported a Ni concentration of 9330 µg/g from the Impruneta and 11860 µg/g from the Monte Ferrato serpentine areas. See also Gabbrielli et al. (1991) for accumulation mechanism studies. The presence of Ni and malic acid in the same fractions was linked to a mechanism of Ni-tolerance (Gabbrielli et al. 1991). Gabbrielli et al. (1990) have also shown that Ni is constantly higher in the shoots than in the roots; Ni also increases with higher concentrations in the medium.


memo:
Reeves et al. 1983a: Ni [6320-10200 µg/g;  leaf]


memo:
Brooks et al. 1979: Ni [10900 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1979 & Reeves et al. 1983a: Ni [16500 µg/g; leaf]


memo:
Brooks et al. 1979: Ni [20000 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1979 & Reeves et al. 1983a: Ni [<1-4990 µg/g; leaf]


memo:
Brooks et al. 1979: Ni [18100 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Vergnano Gambi 1992: Ni [5620 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1979: Ni [10400 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1979: Ni [23600 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1979: Ni [19600 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1979: Ni [11700 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1979: Ni [16500 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1979: Ni [11500 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks and Radford 1978 & Reeves et al. 1983a: Ni [4550 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks and Radford 1978: Ni [3960 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1979: Ni [814 µg/g]. Leaf. The study by Brooks et al. (1979) was based on analysis of leaf materials from herbarium specimens of 167 species of Alyssum; only the maximum value recorded of several duplicates is recorded in the database.


memo:
Brooks et al. 1979: Ni [7700 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1979: Ni [7390 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks and Radford 1978: Ni [12500 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1979: Ni [22400 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1983a: Ni [10000 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1979 & Reeves et al. 1983a: Ni [13700 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1979: Ni [24300 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks and Radford 1978 & Doksopulo 1961: Ni [7080 µg/g]. Felix 1997, shoot: Cd [34 µg/g]; Zn [675 µg/g]. Leaf. One of the most widespread and polymorphic of the Alyssum hyperaccumulators (Reeves 1992b).


memo:
Brooks et al. 1979: Ni [4590 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1979: Ni [7290 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1979 & Reeves et al. 1983a: Ni [5300-7600 µg/g; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1979: Ni [7860 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1979 & Reeves et al. 1983a: Ni [21100 µg/g; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1979 & Reeves et al. 1983a: Ni [22200 µg/g; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1979: Ni [12500 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1979 & Reeves et al 1983a: Ni [12700-18900 µg/g; leaf].Leaf


var:
ssp. lusitanicum T.R. Dudley & Pinto da Silva

memo:
Brooks and Radford 1978; Menezes de Sequeira 1969 & Dudley 1986b: Ni [9000 µg/g]. de Varennes et al. 1996: Ni [ 283-304 mg/g; shoot]. Shoot. Ni concentrations in leaves (8650 µg/g); stems (2700 µg/g) and roots (800 µg/g) are also reported in Menezes de Sequeira and Pinto da Silva 1992.


memo:
Brooks et al. 1979: Ni [487 µg/g]. Leaf. The study by Brooks et al. 1979 was based on analysis of leaf materials from herbarium specimens of 167 species of Alyssum; only the maximum value recorded of several duplicates is recorded in the database.


memo:
Brooks et al. 1979: Ni [1280 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks and Radford 1978: Ni [6600 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1979: Ni [10200 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks and Radford 1978: Ni [3420 µg/g]. McGrath et al. 1993: Ni [1.34 kg/ha in shoot]. See also McGrath et al. (1993) for Ni accumulation. Leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1979: Ni [314 µg/g]. The study by Brooks et al. (1979) was based on analysis of leaf materials from herbarium specimens of 167 species of Alyssum; only the maximum value recorded of several duplicates is recorded in the database. Leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1979: Ni [11900 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1979 & Reeves et al. 1983a: Ni [17100 µg/g; leaf]. Homer et al. 1991: Ni [8000-10000 µg/g in leaves and stem and max 2000 µg/g in roots


memo:
Brooks et al. 1979: Ni [6230 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves and Brooks 1983: Pb [15-860 µg/g; 13 plants]; Zn [31-2500 µg/g; 13 plants]. Vergnano Gambi et al. 1979: Ni [228 µg/g]. Pb and Zn levels somewhat below hyperaccumulator values. Ni level reported by Vergnano Gambi et al. 1979 is exceptionally high since it was recorded from non-nickeliferous soils (Reeves and Brooks 1983a). Leaf (Pb)


memo:
Jaffré 1977 & Brooks et al. 1981b: Mn [11500 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Kumar et al. 1995: Pb [0.4 mg/g (shoot); 8.9 mg/g (root)]. Root; shoot


memo:
Kumar et al. 1995: Pb [0.3 mg/g (shoot); 8.7 mg/g root]. Jonnalagadda and Nenzou 1997: As [890 µg/g in root, 1520 in stem and 3700 in leaves]; Cu [900 µg/g in root, 170 in stem and 400 in leaves]; Ni [70 µg/g in root, 110 in stem and 200 in leaves]; Mn[990 µg/g in root, 1310 in stem and 3490 in leaves]; Zn [110 µg/g in root, 70 in stem and 110 in leaves]. The Zimbabwe study was done at the Champion mine dump high in arsenic (Jonnalagadda and Nenzou 1997). Root; shoot


memo:
Huang et al. 1997: Pb [>1000 µg/g in shoot with use of chelate (HEDTA)]. Huang and Cunningham 1996: Pb [24000 mg/kg in root and 30 mg/kg in shoot without HEDTA].Pb (chelate treatments (0 or 0.5 g/kg) used by Huang et al. (1997): DTPA (free acid; EDDHA (free acid); EDTA (trisodium salt); EGTA (free acid); HEDTA (trisodium salt). One of the most important  causes of hayfever in North America. Pb (chelates used and effectiveness: EDTA>HEDTA>DTPA>EGTA>EDDHA; see Huang  et al.1997). Root; shoot


memo:
Malaisse et al. 1979: Cu [2889 µg/g;]; Co [2650 µg/g]


memo:
Baker and Walker 1990: [zinc tolerant]. See Gartside and McNeilly (1974) for Cu tolerance evaluation.


memo:
Baker and Walker 1990: [zinc tolerant]. Species is considered to be a Zn excluder (Baker and Walker 1990). Root; shoot


memo:
Baker et al. 1991: Zn [ca 500 µg/g; shoot]. Shoot. Studies with transgenic MerA plants  by Rugh et al. (1996) have shown tolerance to mercuric chloride (25-100 µM = 5-20 ppm) and to Au(super 3 +).


memo:
Morishita and Boratynski 1992: Cd [max 158 mg/kg; root]; Cu [max 222 mg/kg; root]; Pb [max 2450 mg/kg; root]


memo:
Dykeman and de Sousa 1966: Cu [100 µg/g in twigs and leaves]. Specimens were analyzed at the Tantramar copper swamp in southeastern New Brunswick; copper in the peat ranged as high as 7% of dry weight (Dykeman and de Sousa, 1966). Stem and leaf


memo:
Roberts 1992: Ni [2330 µg/g]; Cr [530 µg/g]; Al [3010 µg/g]. This is a typical sepentinicolous relict. In Sweden there are 15 known serpentine populations (Rune and Westerbergh 1992).


memo:
Kruckeberg et al. 1993: Ni [1360 µg/g; whole plant]; Cr [213 µg/g]. High level of iron was also found in plants on dunite (28900 µg/g; Kruckeberg et al. 1993). Whole plant


memo:
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [hyperaccumulation; shown with indicator paper; leaf]. Reeves et al. 1999: Ni 3670-22360 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94: Ni [800-8000 µg/g; leaf]. Reeves et al. 1999: Ni 10250-13070 µg/g]. Qualitative color reactions were used for establishing relative concentrations using Waltham N-testing indicator papers (Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94). Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999).


memo:
Azadpour and Matthews 1996:Zn [>5000 µg/g; leaf]; Pb [>2000 µg/g; leaf]; Cd [>100 µg/g; leaf]; Cu [50 µg/g; leaf]. Huang et al. 1997a,b: Pb [1600 µg/g in shoot]. Ernst 1975: Zn [>7000 µg/g]; Pb [1500 µg/g]; Cd [>100 µg/g]; Cu [50 µg/g]. Köhl 1997: Zn [3543 µg/g in dead leaves; 968 µg/g in green leaves; 7192 µg/g in coarse roots; 7453 µg/g in fine roots]. Leaf; root


memo:
Roberts 1992: Ni [726 µg/g]; Al [3790 µg/g]. Goodwin-Bailey et al. (1992) conclude that A. maritima is a classic case of a wide-ranging species that can produce local races in different environments. Higher Mg concentration is required for maximum growth in serpentine races and higher Na for maritime races.


memo:
Linstow 1924: Pb [1600 µg/g; 1 plant]. No modern analyses to support the value for lead - possibly obtained by gravimetric procedure subject to interference from other elements such as barium (Reeves and Brooks 1983a). Leaf (Pb)


memo:
Morishita and Boratynski 1992: Zn [max 3030 mg/kg; root]; Cu [max 153 mg/kg; root]; Pb [max 361 mg/kg; root]. Leaf; stem; root


memo:
van der Merwe, C.G. et al. 1989: Mn [max 4024 µg/g; entire plant]; Zn [ max 391.2 µg/g; whole plant]; Ni [max 581.8 µg/g; whole plant]. Whole plant


memo:
Duvigneaud and Denaeyer-DeSmet 1963: Cu [1200 µg/g]


memo:
Menezes de Sequeira and Pinto da Silva 1992: Ni [930 µg/g; root]. Root (low levels in rhizome and leaves)


memo:
Morishita and Boratynski 1992: Zn [max 672 mg/kg; leaf]; Pb [max 223 mg/kg; stem]. Leaf; stem; root


memo:
Roberts 1992: Ni [396g/g]. Creeping extensively with long slender rhizomes and stolons.


memo:
Nishizono et al. 1987a: Cu [max 5989 µg/g; root]; Cd [164.8 µg/g; leaf]; Zn [5183 µg/g; root]. The Cu and Cd detected in the plants were much higher than those of plants on non-metalliferous substrates (Nishizono et al. 1987a). The root cell wall is considered to be an important site of heavy metal storage and may play a role as an excretory organ (Nishizono et al.1987b).Root; leaf


memo:
Homer et al. 1991: Ni [383 µg/g in leaves and 66 µg/g in roots]. Leaf


memo:
Rains 1971: Pb [max about 500 µg/g in shoots]. Seasonal accumulation of lead in natural pastures northeast of San Francisco was studied by Rains (1971). Maximum was reached after the end of the growing season. Shoot


memo:
Proctor 1992b: Ni [160 µg/g; leaf]. Azadpour and Matthews 1996: Cd [663.2 ppm; roots; 177.0 ppm leaves; 116.5 ppm; stalks; 96.0 ppm; husks; 33.6 ppm; grain]. Ebbs and Kochian 1998: Zn [>125 µg/g in shoot]. Taylor et al. 1993 : Al [205.9 µg/g in shoot]; Mn [360.6 µg/g in shoot]; Zn [79.7 µg/g in shoot]; Pb [204.6 µg/g in shoot]; Cu [20.3 µg/g in shoot]. Study by Ebbs and Kochian 1998 was based on hydroponic comparisons and pots with contaminated soil. Nickel toxicity was observed at the 160 µg/g level (Jaffré 1980). See  Foy et al. (1978) for Al tolerance. Ni (leaf); Cd (root; shoot)


memo:
Proctor 1992b: Ni [160 µg/g; leaf]. Azadpour and Matthews 1996: Cd [663.2 ppm; roots; 177.0 ppm leaves; 116.5 ppm; stalks; 96.0 ppm; husks; 33.6 ppm; grain]. Ebbs and Kochian 1998: Zn [>125 µg/g in shoot]. Taylor et al. 1993 : Al [205.9 µg/g in shoot]; Mn [360.6 µg/g in shoot]; Zn [79.7 µg/g in shoot]; Pb [204.6 µg/g in shoot]; Cu [20.3 µg/g in shoot]. Study by  Ebbs and Kochian 1998 was based on hydroponic comparisons and pots with contaminated soil. Nickel toxicity was observed at the 160 µg/g level (Jaffré 1980). See  Foy et al. (1978) for Al tolerance. Ni (leaf); Cd (root; shoot)


memo:
Proctor 1992b: Ni [160 µg/g; leaf]. Azadpour and Matthews 1996: Cd [663.2 ppm; roots; 177.0 ppm leaves; 116.5 ppm; stalks; 96.0 ppm; husks; 33.6 ppm; grain]. Ebbs and Kochian 1998: Zn [>125 µg/g in shoot]. Taylor et al. 1993 : Al [205.9 µg/g in shoot]; Mn [360.6 µg/g in shoot]; Zn [79.7 µg/g in shoot]; Pb [204.6 µg/g in shoot]; Cu [20.3 µg/g in shoot]. Study by Ebbs and Kochian 1998 was based on hydroponic comparisons and pots with contaminated soil. Nickel toxicity was observed at the 160 µg/g level (Jaffré 1980). See  Foy et al. (1978) for Al tolerance.Ni (leaf); Cd (root; shoot)


memo:
Proctor 1992b: Ni [160 µg/g; leaf]. Azadpour and Matthews 1996: Cd [663.2 ppm; roots; 177.0 ppm leaves; 116.5 ppm; stalks; 96.0 ppm; husks; 33.6 ppm; grain]. Ebbs and Kochian 1998: Zn [>125 µg/g in shoot]. Taylor et al. 1993 : Al [205.9 µg/g in shoot]; Mn [360.6 µg/g in shoot]; Zn [79.7 µg/g in shoot]; Pb [204.6 µg/g in shoot]; Cu [20.3 µg/g in shoot]. Study by Ebbs and Kochian 1998 was based on hydroponic comparisons and pots with contaminated soil. Ni (leaf); Cd (root; shoot) Nickel toxicity was observed at the 160 µg/g level (Jaffré 1980). See  Foy et al. (1978) for Al tolerance.


memo:
Proctor 1992b: Ni [160 µg/g; leaf]. Azadpour and Matthews 1996: Cd [663.2 ppm; roots; 177.0 ppm leaves; 116.5 ppm; stalks; 96.0 ppm; husks; 33.6 ppm; grain]. Ebbs and Kochian 1998: Zn [>125 µg/g in shoot]. Taylor et al. 1993 : Al [205.9 µg/g in shoot]; Mn [360.6 µg/g in shoot]; Zn [79.7 µg/g in shoot]; Pb [204.6 µg/g in shoot]; Cu [20.3 µg/g in shoot]. Study by Ebbs and Kochian 1998 was based on hydroponic comparisons and pots with contaminated soil. Ni (leaf); Cd (root; shoot)Nickel toxicity was observed at the 160 µg/g level (Jaffré 1980). See  Foy et al. (1978) for Al tolerance.


memo:
de Wet et al. 1990: Cu [max 93 µg/g]; Ni [max 189 µg/g]; Pb [max 121 µg/g]; Zn [max 120 µg/g]; Mn [ max 5335 µg/g]. Plants and sediments were analyzed at four sites in the Blesbock Wetlands (de Wet et al. 1990). Whole plant


memo:
Jain et al. 1989: Cu [max 7725 µg/g; whole plant]. Jain et al. 1990: Pb [max 7654 µg/g];  Zn [max 4427 µg/g]. Whole plant


memo:
Priel 1995: Pb [100 mg/g]; Cr [50 mg/g]; Cu [30 mg/g] Whole plant


memo:
Gupta et al. 1994: Cu [3821 µg/g root; 721 µg/g shoot]; Cr [1600 µg/g root; 93 µg/g shoot]. 
Sinha et al. 1996: Hg [max 273 µg/g; root and 48.7 µg/g shoot]. 
Vajpayee et al. 1995: Cr [ 240.6 µg/g mean value for plant]. 
Rai et al. 1995: Cr [about 260 µg/g]; Pb [about 622 µg/g]. 
Sinha and Chandra 1990: Cu [max >2000 µg/g; plant]; Cd [max about 2000 µg/g; plant]. Chandra et al. 1997: Cr [ max. 340 µg /g in young plants in tannery effluent and max 340 µg/g in roots of plants grown in tannery sludge]..Mercury tolerance appears to be correlated with an increase in:cysteine; total-SH; reduced glutathione; ascorbic acid. Decrease in chlorophyll and protein results from Hg toxicity at higher metal concentrations (Sinha et al. 1996)..Hg levels used in study: 0.01; 0.5; 1.0; 2.0; 3.0; 5.0 µg/mL for 4; 7; 14 days. At various concentration of Hg accumulation in roots was about five times greater than in shoots (Sinha et al. 1996. Cu and Cr uptake is concentration dependent (Gupta et al. 1994). Work by Sinha et al. (1996) indicated an increase in antioxidants (cysteine, total-SH, GSH and ascorbic acid) in roots that may bind Hg in a form that is harmless. Values for Rai et al. 1995 have been converted to µg/g dw. Studies by Chandra et al. 1997 included studies of plants with chromium alone and with tannery effluent and tannery sludge..Root (Hg; Cu; Cr); shoot (Hg; Cu; Cr); Cd (plant)


memo:
Proctor 1992b: Ni [>1000 µg/g; leaf].  Leaf


memo:
Dietz 1972: Pb [2500 µg/g]. Samples were collected and analyzed from the Ruhr River (Dietz, 1972).


memo:
Reeves and Brooks 1983b: Ni [31000 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves 1992b: Ni [12-755 µg/g in leaf]; Zn [5-48 µg/g in leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves 1992b: Ni [8-32 µg/g in leaf]; Zn [80-677 µg/g in leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Krämer et al. 1997: Ni [270-780 µg/g in shoots; 963-3452 µg/g in roots]. Root, shoot


memo:
Reeves 1988: Ni [56 µg/g in leaf]; Zn [662 µg/g in leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves and Brooks 1983b: Zn [20000 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves and Brooks 1983b: Ni [2000 µg/g]; Zn [15000 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves and Brooks 1983a: Zn [5220-39600 µg/g; 12 plants]. Leaf (Zn)


memo:
Reeves and Brooks 1983a & Reeves and Brooks 1983b: Zn [21000 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves and  Brooks 1983a: Pb [130-8200 µg/g; 14 plants]; Zn [2350-17300 µg/g; 14. Leaf (Pb, Zn)


var:
ssp. rotundifolium (L.) Greuter & Burdet

memo:
Reeves and Brooks 1983b: Ni [18300 µg/g].
Reeves and Brooks 1983a: Zn [4-1430 µg/g; 16 plants].
Vergnano Gambi and Gabbrielli 1981: Ni [6600-23800 µg/g; Italy].
Vergnano Gambi 1992: Co [100-700 µg/g; leaf].
Huang and Cunningham 1996: Pb [28700 mg/kg; root]. Ni concentration is given as 7880 µg/g (leaves) and 5000 µg/g (stems) by Vergnano Gambi (1992) based on Vergnano Gambi and Gabbrielli (1981). Leaf (Zn)


memo:
Baker and Walker 1990: [copper tolerant] Plant is very tolerant to substrate Cu but has low and similar levels of Cu in roots and shoots (Reilly 1969).


memo:
Morrey et al. 1989: Ni [11637 µg/g; leaf - 4344 µg/g; stem - 2127 µg/g; root]. Howes 1991: Ni [max 17000 µg/g; leaf]. "Type II hyperaccumulator as a consequence of its accumulation to >1% in leaf dry mass"  (Morrey et al. 1989). Nickel accumulation occurs in new leaves at the shoot apex (Morrey et al. 1992). Leaf, stem; root


var:
ssp. rehmannii (Thell.) Roessl. var. rogersiana

memo:
Morrey et al. 1992: Ni [17000 µg/g; leaf] Leaf


memo:
Utriainen et al. 1997: [copper and zinc tolerant]. Utriainen et al. (1997) studied Cu and Zn tolerance in clones of Betula pendula and B. pubescens hydroponically grown. See also Denny and Wilkins (1987) for a study on zinc uptake into root tissues in Betula pendula and B. pubescens.


memo:
Bech et al. 1997: As [130-1430 µg/g]; Zn [ 89-437 µg/g]; Cu [36-620 µg/g]; Mn [209-412 µg/g]; Al [618-6510 µg/g]. Results are of plants analyzed from a copper mine in northern Peru. Shoot


memo:
Baker and Walker 1990: [zinc tolerant]. See original work by Rascio 1977. Root; shoot


memo:
Brooks and Yang 1984: Ni [2000 µg/g]. Ni concentration is given in Proctor and Cole (1992) as 895 µg/g (leaf) based on Brooks and Yang (1984). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [429-1620 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [1850 µg/g]. Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [accumulator; shown with indicator paper; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [1760 µg/g]. Leaf


var:
ssp. glabrescens (Boiss. & Bal.) Cullen & Dudley


memo:
Reeves et al. 1983a: Ni [6670-21300 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1983a: Ni [6480-12000 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1983a: Ni [1590-31200 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1983a: Ni [3420-11400 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1983a: Ni [14800-19200 µg/g; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Baker et al. 1992: Ni [1045 µg/g; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Baker et al. 1992: Ni [3770-7600 µg/g; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Kumar et al. 1995: Pb [7.2 mg/g (shoot); 103.4 mg/g (root)]. Kumar et al. 1994: Pb [6941 µg/g in shoot and 100354 µg/g in root (genome AA)]. See also Sharma and Habib (1995) for differential bioaccumulation of Mg, Pb, Cr and Zn. Root; shoot


memo:
Kumar et al. 1995: Pb [4.6 mg/g (shoot); 108.9 mg/g (root)]. Kumar et al. 1994: Pb [8757 µg/g in shoot and 115461 µg/g in root (genome BBCC)]. Root; shoot


memo:
Dushenkov et al. 1995 (root of cv. 173874): Pb [136 mg/g];  Zn [18378 µg/g]; Cd [440 µg/g]; Cr [815 µg/g]; Ni [1795 µg/g]; Cu [2339 µg/g]. Leon 1996: Zn [2000 µg/g; shoot]; Cd [100 µg/g; shoot]; Pb [15000 µg/g in shoot with use of soil chelates]. Kumar et al. 1995: Pb [max. 34.5 mg/g (shoot; cv 426308) & max. >150 mg/g (root; cv 211000)]. Kumar et al. 1995 (cv. 182921): Cr6+ [202 µg/g]; Cd [104 µg/g]; Ni [3086 µg/g]; Zn [1723 µg/g]; Cu [70 µg/g]; Pb [844 µg/g]; Cr3+ [6 µg/g]. Dushenkov et al. 1997: U [not specified but modest accumulation]. Ebbs et al. 1997 (shoot): Zn [>1750 µg/g]; Cd [40 µg/g]. Huang and Cunningham 1996: Pb [max value out of 6 cvs. tested was 19500 mg/kg in roots of cv 531268]. Kumar et al. 1994: Pb [18812 µg/g in shoot and 91666 µg/g in root (genome AABB)]. Chino et al. 1997, shoot: Cu [70.4 µg/g]; Ni [201.6 µg/g]; Cd [538.9 µg/g]; Zn [1489 µg/g]; Mn 338 µg/g]. ELEMENT FORM: Dushenkov et al. 1995: Cd(NO3)2.4H2O; Pb(NO3)2; Cu(NO3)2.3H2O; Zn(NO3)2.6H2O; Ni(NO3)2.6H2O; K2Cr207; Pb(II); Sr(II); Cd(II); Ni(II). Kumar et al. 1995: Cr 6+; Cr3+; Cd2+; Ni2+; Zn2+; Cu2+; Pb2+. TOLERANCE: High levels of accumulation of selenium has also been demonstrated for various land races (Bañuelos et al. 1997); e.g., in water culture, from 501 to 1092 mg/kg dry weight. GENERAL NOTES: Studies on impact of selenium on Brassica races considered for remediation has also been undertaken (Banuelos et al. 1997). Salt et al. (1997) demonstrated a concentration of 500-2000 times for Pb, Sr, Cd and Ni; Cs and Cr(6+)were concentrated 100-250 times. See also study by Ebbs and Kochian 1998 for Zn accumulation. See also Ebbs and Kochian (1997) for hyperaccumulation of Zn and Cu. Also see Felix (1997) for low accumulation of Cd. STORAGE ORGAN:Root; shoot


memo:
Leon 1996: Zn [2000 µg/g (shoot); Cd [100 µg/g (shoot). 
Kumar et al. 1995: Pb [3.4 mg/g (shoot); 61.2 mg/g (root)]. 
Ebbs et al. 1997: Zn [>1750 µg/g; shoot]; Cd [>40 µg/g; shoot]. 
Ebbs and Kochian 1997: Zn [>2000 µg/g in shoot; >10000 µg/g in root]; Cu [>30 µg/g in shoot; >1000 µg/g in root]. 
Kumar et al. 1994: Pb [3877 µg/g in shoot and 60768 µg/g in root (genome AACC)]. See Felix (1997) for low level accumulation of Cd and Zn. Shoot (Zn; Cd); Pb (shoot; root)


memo:
Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J. Koch in Röhling. Kumar et al. 1995: Pb [9.4 mg/g (shoot); 106.6 mg/g (root)]. 
Ebbs et al. 1997: Zn [>1750 µg/g; shoot]; Cd [>35 µg/g; shoot]. Kumar et al. 1994: Pb [2489 µg/g in shoot and 110011 µg/g in root (genome BB)] Root; shoot


memo:
Dushenkov et al. 1995: Pb [134 mg/g; root]. Kumar et al. 1995: Pb [0.6 mg/g (shoot); 52.7 mg/g (root)]. Ebbs et al. 1997: Zn [>1750 µg/g; shoot]; Cd [>35 µg/g; shoot]. Root; shoot


memo:
Azadpour and Matthews 1996: Cd [1356.7 µg/g in roots and 198.6 µg/g in leaves]. Hasegawa et al. 1997: Cd [200 µg/g in upper leaves; <200 µg/g in lower leaves; about 4000 µg/g in roots with BSO treatment]. Root; leaf


memo:
Yang et al., 1995: Cd [>1000 µg/g in shoot; >4000 µg/g in root]. Yang et al., 1996: Ni [>500 µg/g in shoot; >2500 µg/g in root]. Yang et al. (1996) tested Ni accumulation in nutrient cultures; maximum values attained are recorded in the database. Shoot, root


memo:
Azadpour and Matthews 1996: Cd [1647.4 ppm; roots and 268.5 ppm in leaves]. Root


memo:
Xiong 1998: Pb [33647µg/g in root; 7358 µg/g in stem; 2670 µg/g in leaf]. Tested as a pot study with five concentrations of aqueous lead nitrate added to the growth medium. Only maximum accumulations are recorded in the database. Root, stem, leaf


memo:
Ebbs and Kochian 1997: Zn [>2000 µg/g in shoot; >10000 µg/g in root];  Cu [>20 µg/g in shoot; >1000 µg/g in root]. Root, shoot


memo:
Kruckeberg and Wu 1992: Cu [about 153-2096 µg/g in roots and 29-106 µg/g leaves]. Root


memo:
Dushenkov et al. 1995: Pb [118 mg/g; root]. A status report on this species is available from the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (Ottawa K1A 0H3). The species is designated threatened in Canada. Root


memo:
Brooks et al. 1980: Cu [3520 µg/g]. Brooks et al. 1987: Co [2435 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1980: Cu [7783 µg/g]. Brooks et al. 1987: Co [2130 µg/g] .Leaf


memo:
Aulio 1986: Cu [11.7 µg/g in shoot]; Zn [98.3 µg/g in shoot]; Mn [2617 µg/g in shoot]. The study by Aulio (1986) included 15 aquatics in the Kokemänjoki R. estuary  in western Finland. Shoot


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [1450 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [1590 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [8350-12250 µg/g; 2 specimens examined].  Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [hyperaccumulation shown with indicator paper; leaf] Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [2150 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [8360 µg/g].  Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [hyperaccumulation shown with indicator paper; leaf] Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996 - Ni [1320 µg/g. Leaf


memo:
Berazain Iturralde 1981 & Baker and Brooks 1989: Ni [4500 µg/g]. Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [2610 µg/g]. Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [hyperaccumulation shown with indicator paper; leaf]. The Ni concentration of 4500 µg/g was originally determined for a specimen identified as B. flaviramea. The identity of this specimen was subsequently corrected to B. gonoclada by Reeves et al. 1996. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [3480-8740 µg/g; 2 specimens]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [4810 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [1940 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [1100-1760 µg/g;  2 specimens]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [4870-9200 µg/g;  2 specimens].  Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [hyperaccumulation shown with indicator paper; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [1240 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [3160-10310 µg/g; 3 specimens].  Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [hyperaccumulation shown with indicator paper; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [7870-15630 µg/g; 2 specimens]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [10410 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [25420 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Pichtel and Salt 1998: Pb [327 µg/g in shoot; 9612 µg/g in root]. Shoot


memo:
Pérez et al. 1993: Al [100 µg/g in leaves]. Leaf


memo:
Aniol and Gustafson 1990: Al [tolerance cited as per Menson et al. 1981]. Leaf


memo:
Vergnano Gambi 1992: Cr [20-110 µg/g]. Vergnano Gambi (1992) considered the Cr concentration to be a significant accumulation.


memo:
Vergnano Gambi 1992: Ni [200-2300 µg/g]. Baker and Brookes (1989) give a Ni value of 1050 µg/g based on Vergnano Gambi and Gabbrielli (1981). The concentration reported more recently summarized by Vergnano Gambi (1992) is documented here.


memo:
McGrath et al. 1993: Zn [>4000µg/g  in shoot]. Plant was collected in Europe and used for testing along with other plants on plots with sludge added (McGrath et al. 1993). Plant was collected in Europe and used for testing along with other plants on plots with sludge added (McGrath et al. 1993). Plant was collected in Europe and used for testing along with other plants on plots with sludge added (McGrath et al. 1993). Shoot


memo:
Yang et al. 1985: Ni [max 218  µg/g; shoot]. Shoot


memo:
Yang et al. 1985: Ni [max 209  µg/g; shoot]. Shoot


memo:
Yang et al. 1985: Ni [max 684 µg/g; shoot]. Shoot


memo:
Jaffré et al. 1979b: Ni [1490 µg/g]. Yang et al. 1985: Ni [max 762 µg/g; shoot]. Shoot


memo:
Pandolfini and Pancaro 1992: Ni [328 µg/g, root]. Root


memo:
Vergnano Gambi 1992: Ni [290 µg/g; stem]. Stem


var:
ssp. terrae-novae (Fern. & Wieg.) Hultén


memo:
Rodenkirchen and Roberts 1993: Ni [951 µg/g; leaves]; Cr [363 µg/g; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Vergnano Gambi 1992: Ni [710 µg/g]; Cr [55-190 µg/g]


memo:
Ornes and Sajwan 1993: Cd [max 521.72 µg/g; whole plant]. Rai et al. 1995: Cr [383 µg/g]; Pb [about 2499 µg/g]. Mayes and McIntosh 1975: Cd [max 20.26 µg/g]; Pb [max 261.7 µg/g]. Values for Rai et al. 1995 have been converted to µg/g dry weight. Mayes and McIntosh 1975 studied accumulation within enclosures placed in several lakes with Little Center Lake representing a eutrophic lake receiving electroplating effluent. Whole plant


memo:
Kovács et al. 1984: Pb [52.35 µg/g]; As [20.62 µg/g]; Cu [17.45 µg/g]; Ni [87.26 µg/g]; Co [30.93 µg/g]; Cr [122.16 µg/g]; Zn [14.43 µg/g]. Chemical analyses by Kovács et al. 1984 were conducted on naturally occurring plants and represent max. values. Whole plant


memo:
Vergnano Gambi 1992: Cr [280 µg/g; leaf & stem]. Leaf; stem


memo:
Medina et al. 1994: Ni [700 µg/g; leaf]. Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [61-1574 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks and Malaisse 1990: Cu [560 µg/g in roots and 27 µg/g in shoot]. Root


memo:
Brooks et al. 1992: Ni [2040 µg/g leaf]. See also earlier publication on this Brazilian expedition (Brooks et al. 1990). Leaf


memo:
Vergnano Gambi and Gabbrielli 1981: Ni [3200 µg/g]


memo:
Hudnik et al. 1994: Zn [10670 µg/g; roots]; Pb [13100 µg/g; roots]; Cd [89.8 µg/g; roots]. Results of heavy metal accumulation are based on plants grown in nutrient solutions (Hudnik et al. 1994). Root


memo:
Simon et al. 1996: Cd [9.8-307.1 µg/g in shoot; 8.3-891.1 µg/g root/rhizome]. Uptake of Cd is in nutrient solution culture applied as 3CdSO4.8H2O. Shoot; root


memo:
Brooks et al. 1992: Ni [412 µg/g leaf]. Leaf concentration of Ni sometimes exceeded  1000 µg/g and latex contained 13500 µg/g (1.35%). See also earlier publication on this Brazilian expedition (Brooks et al. 1990). Leaf; shoot latex


memo:
Proctor 1992a: Ni [253 µg/g; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves 1988: Ni [3140 µg/g]; Zn [38 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Pérez et al. 1993: Al [150 µg/g in leaves]. Leaf


memo:
Dykeman and de Sousa 1966: Cu [420 µg/g in twigs and leaves]. Specimens were analyzed at the Tantramar copper swamp in southeastern New Brunswick; copper in the peat ranged as high as 7% of dry weight (Dykeman and de Sousa 1966). Stem and leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1980: Co [3010 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Malaisse et al. 1979: Co [4200 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves 1992a: Ni [30 µg/g; leaf]; Mn [max 4000 µg/g; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Dushenkov et al. 1995: Pb [90 mg/g; root]. Jonnalagadda and Nenzou 1997: As [10850 µg/g in root and 1660 µg/g in shoot]; Cu [70 µg/g in root and 400 µg/g in shoot]; Ni [130 µg/g in root and 1710 µg/g in shoot]; Mn [210 µg/g in root and 3100 µg/g in shoot]; Zn [250 µg/g in root and 2370 µg/g in shoot]. Taylor et al. 1993 : Al [138.1 µg/g in shoot]; Mn [701.3 µg/g] in shoot; Pb [32.1 µg/g in shoot]; Cu [20.9 µg/g in shoot].Bingham et al. 1976: Cd [>30 µg/g in shoot]. Zimbabwe study was conducted at the 20 year old Champion gold mine dumps located in farmland of Eastern Zimbabwe at 15 deg S and 2650 m elev. See also Wu and Antonovics (1976). Root (Pb); root and shoot for other elements.


memo:
Lan et al. 1990 (whole plant): Pb [>200 mg/kg]; Zn [ca. 200 mg/kg]. Whole plant


memo:
Morishita and Boratynski 1992: Zn [max 1560 mg/kg; root]; Pb [254 mg/kg; leaf]. Root; leaf; stem


memo:
Dushenkov et al. 1995: Pb [60 mg/g; root]. Taylor et al. 1993 : Al [209.1 µg/g in shoot]; Mn [248.4 µg/g in shoot]; Zn [65.6 µg/g in shoot]; Pb [69.2 µg/g in shoot]; Cu [34.7 µg/g in shoot]. Detailed fact sheet based on Duke 1983 is available at: http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/dactylis_glomerata. See Gartside and McNeilly (1974) for Cu tolerance evaluation. Roots


memo:
Azadpour and Matthews 1996: Cd [6121.5 ppm; roots and 294.4 ppm leaves]; 29.8 ppm; tuberous primary root]. Root


memo:
Schultz and Hutchinson 1988: [copper tolerant]. A thiol-rich copper-binding protein was unlikely to be the key mechanism controlling differential copper tolerance (Schultz and Hutchinson 1988).


memo:
Baker et al. 1992: Ni [3160 µg/g; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Baker et al. 1992: Ni [(9) 2110-26650 µg/g; leaf (Philippines & Malaysia)]; Zn [(44) 103-2575 µg/g; leaf (Philippines)]; Zn [88-17900 µg/g; leaf (Malaysia)]; Zn [30000 µg/g; leaf (W. Sumatra)]. See also Homer et al. 1991 for nickel hyperaccumulation and Ni extract studies. Leaf


memo:
Wild 1974: Cr [1500 µg/g]. Proctor et al. 1980: Ni [1000 µg/g]. Proctor and Cole 1992: Ni [457 µg/g; leaf]. High concentrations of Cr estimated [1500 µg/g dry weight of leaves] by Wild (1974). Contamination of samples is suspected (Baker and Brooks 1989). Nickel uptake is apparently restricted to root; the species is also questionably a hyperaccumulator (Morrey et al. 1992). Leaf


memo:
Chino et al. 1997, shoot: Cu [40.3 µg/g]; Ni [41 µg/g]; Cd [44.1 µg/g]; Zn [1833 µg/g]; Mn [432 µg/g]. Shoot


memo:
Izaguirre-Mayorale and Flores 1995: Al [>1000 µg/g; leaf and >2500 µg/g root]. Root; leaf; stem; nodules


memo:
Pérez et al. 1993: Al [105 µg/g in leaves]. Leaf


memo:
Wang et al. 1998 (pers. comm.): Pb [473 µg/g in roots; 104 µg/g in shoots]. Results for Wang et al. (1998) were received as pers. comm. and are based on hydroponic studies. Root; shoot


memo:
Maury et al. 1988: Hg [3400 ppb for leaves; 2200 ppb for stems; 8300 ppb for roots]. Levels of mercury recorded by Maury et al. (1988) was after 28 days of exposure to methylmercury. Leaf; stem; root


memo:
Rai et al. 1994: Cd [max 3900 µg/g in root and 1190 µg/g in shoot]. Zaranyika and Ndapwadza 1995: Cr [max 146 µg/g; root]; Zn [max  1082 µg/g; root]. Wolverton and McDonald 1975: Pb [0.176 mg/g; whole plant]; Hg [0.150 mg/g; whole plant]. Trivedy et al. 1994 (summary): Cu [2500 µg/g (see Thakurta and  Mitra 1977)]; Cd [2230 µg/g; root]; Hg [1770 µg/g (see Widyanto and Susilo 1978)]. Lenka et al. 1990: Hg [max 960.18 µg/g; root]. Akçin et al. 1994: Pb [max 15.61 mg/g]. Singaram 1994: Cr [max 38.8 ppm; root and 17.21 ppm in leaf]. Low and Lee 1990: As [622 µg/g in root; 40 µg/g in leaf]. Maximum absorption followed after 16 days of treatment at 6.0 ppm Cd. Wolverton and McDonald (1975) estimate that one ha of plants could potentially remove 105.6 g of lead and 90.0 g mercury per day. Copper uptake was rapid in the initial phase with uptake increasing with increased root mass; no concentrations taken up by roots were recorded per dry weight of root (Lee and Hardy 1987). See Akçin et al. (1993) for Zn removal in strongly basic solutions. Also see Delgado et al. (1993) for uptake of Zn, Cr, and Cd. See also Mazen and El Maghraby (1998) for Cd, Pb and strontium accumulation as related to calcium oxalate crystals. See also Fett et al. (1994) for Cd absorption and distribution. See Heaton et al. (1986) for factors influencing lead uptake. Root; shoot


memo:
Mayes et al. 1977: Cd [32 .33 µg/g]; Pb [160.9 µg/g]. Welsh and Denny 1980: Pb [380 µg/g in shoot]; Cu [20 µg/g in shoot]; Mudroch and Capobianco (1979; µg/g): Ni [72]; Co [66]; Cu [11]; Pb [25]; Zn [17]; Cd [2.1]; Cr [3.2]; As [430]. Ernst and Marquenie-van der Werff, 1978: Cu [440 µg/g in shoot]. Mudroch and Capobianco (1979) determined the metal content of various aquatics in the Moira River watershed within an area where active mining and smelting had occurred for over 100 years. Shoot


memo:
Ernst and Marquenie-van der Werff 1978: Cu [440 µg/g]. Shoot


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [128 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [101µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Morishita and Boratynski 1992: Zn [max 2330 mg/kg; rhizome]; Cu [max 144 mg/kg; rhizome]; Pb [max 323 mg/kg; rhizome]. Ray and White 1979 in Louise St-Cyr et al. 1997: Cu [74 µg/g max in shoot; 348 µg/g max rhizome]; Zn [1017 µg/g max shoot; 1618 µg/g max in rhizome]; Cd [2.4 µg/g max in shoot; 7.3 µg/g max in rhizome]; Pb [3.4 µg/g max in shoot; 7.3 µg/g max in rhizome]. Hunter et al. 1984: Cu [138.9 µg/g in shoot]; Cd [2.6 µg/g in shoot. Study by Ray and White 1979 is from area of base-metal mining operations. Values confirmed in originial publication by Ray and White 1979. Rhizome


memo:
Morishita and Boratynski 1992: Zn [max 2330 mg/kg; rhizome]; Cu [max 144 mg/kg; rhizome]; Pb [max 323 mg/kg; rhizome]. Ray and White 1979 in Louise St-Cyr et al. 1997: Cu [74 µg/g max in shoot; 348 µg/g max rhizome]; Zn [1017 µg/g max shoot; 1618 µg/g max in rhizome]; Cd [2.4 µg/g max in shoot; 7.3 µg/g max in rhizome]; Pb [3.4 µg/g max in shoot; 7.3 µg/g max in rhizome]. Hunter et al. 1984: Cu [138.9 µg/g in shoot]; Cd [2.6 µg/g in shoot. Study by Ray and White 1979 is from area of base-metal mining operations. Values confirmed in originial publication by Ray and White 1979. Rhizome; http://www.jstor.org/pss/3544572


memo:
Ray and White 1976: Cu [184 µg/g max in root; 33 µg/g max in shoot]; Zn [5971 µg/g max in root; 1358 µg max in shoot]; Cd [5.54 µg/g max in root; 6.08 µg/g max in shoot]; Pb [47.4 µg/g max in root; 5.59 µg/g max in shoot]. Dushenkov et al. 1995: As [5.5-91 µg/g in shoots and 45-871 in roots]. Aulio 1986: Cu [7.3 µg/g in shoots]; Zn [60.7 µg/g in shoots]; Mn [1961 µg/g i nshoots]. Study is from area of base-metal mining operations (Ray and White 1976); study by Dushenkov et al 1995 is in lakes contaminated with high levels of arsenic with sediment values reaching 18650 µg/g. The study by Aulio (1986) included 15 aquatics in the Kokemänjoki R. estuary  in western Finland. Root (below ground structures and in shoots.


memo:
Malaisse and Grégoire 1978: Cu [2800 µg/g]


memo:
Dushenkov et al. 1995: Pb [142 mg/g; root]. Roots. Detailed fact sheet based on Duke 1983 is available at: http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/eragrostis_curvula


memo:
Dushenkov et al. 1995: Pb [124 mg/g; root]. Roots. For additional facts see: http://parkseed.com/centipede.htm; http://www.wect.com/news/plant515.htm


memo:
Miller et al. 1983: Ni [292 µg/g in roots; 306 µg/g in shoots ]; Cu [462 µg/g in roots; 301 µg/g in shoots]; Zn [178 µg/g in roots; 90 µg/g in shoots];  Pb [102 µg/g in roots; 51 µg/g in shoots]; Cd [8.2 µg/g in roots; 3.0 µg/g in shoots]. Mean summer values are given by Miller et al. 1983. Root; shoot


memo:
Bech et al. 1997: As [317 µg/g]; Zn [61 µg/g]; Cu [88 µg/g]; Mn [65 µg/g]; Al [317 µg/g]. Results are of plants analyzed from a copper mine in northern Peru. Shoot


memo:
Brooks et al. 1992: Ni [1060 µg/g leaf]. See also earlier publication on this Brazilian expedition (Brooks et al. 1990). Leaf


memo:
Batianoff and Specht 1992: Ni [242 µg/g; leaf]. Batianoff and Specht 1992: Ni [242 µg/g; leaf]


memo:
Proctor 1992a: Mn [13700 µg/g; leaf; Gunung Silam (Sabah)]. Leaf


memo:
Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94: Ni [7000-70000 µg/g; leaf]. Qualitative color reactions were used for establishing relative concentrations using Waltham N-testing indicator papers (Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94). Leaf


memo:
Bech et al. 1997: As [461 µg/g]; Zn [140 µg/g]; Cu [105 µg/g]; Mn [1285 µg/g]; Al [26 µg/g]. Results are of plants analyzed from a copper mine in northern Peru. Shoots


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [2860-5840 µg/g]. Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [hyperaccumulation shown with indicator paper; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [1980-9340 µg/g]. Dried latex was found to have 3.09% Ni and high concentrations of other elements (Reeves et al. 1996). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [3160-4430 µg/g]. Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [hyperaccumulation shown with indicator paper; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Proctor and Cole 1992: Ni [244 µg/g; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1992: Ni [1800 µg/g leaf]. See also earlier publication on this Brazilian expedition (Brooks et al. 1990). Leaf; shoot latex


memo:
Proctor and Cole 1992: Ni [500 µg/g; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Baker and Walker 1990: [aluminum tolerant]


memo:
Dushenkov et al. 1995: Pb [85 mg/g; root]. Taylor et al. 1993, in shoot : Al [257.1 µg/g]; Mn [332.5 µg/g]; Zn [71.9 µg/g]; Pb [36.5 µg/g]; Cu [17.9 µg/g]. Not highly palatable for livestock and generally too coarse for lawns. Roots


memo:
Dushenkov et al. 1995: Pb [125 mg/g in roots]. Root


memo:
Dushenkov et al. 1995: Pb [111 mg/g; root]. Brown and Brinkman 1992: Pb [max 578 mg/kg; leaf]; Zn [max 655 mg/kg; leaf]. Pichtel and Salt 1998: Cu [14.7 µg/g in shoot]; Pb [74.8 µg/g in shoot]; Zn [ 148.5 µg/g in shoot]; Ni [10.9 µg/g in shoot]; Cr [188.2 µg/g in shoot]. Ernst 1975: Zn [>2000 µg/g]. Studies by Pichtel and Salt (1998) consisted of pot studies with contaminated soils from three contaminated sites. Roots; leaf (Brown and Brinkman 1992)


memo:
Dushenkov et al. 1995: Pb [86 mg/g; root]. Pichtel and Salt 1998: Cu [12.4 µg/g in shoot]; Pb [90.0 µg/g in shoot]; Zn [90.5 µg/g in shoot]; Ni [9.9 µg/g in shoot]; Cr [186.4 µg/g in shoot]. Hunter et al. 1984: Cu [73.3 µg/g in shoot]; Cd [2.9 µg/g in shoot. Studies by Pichtel and Salt (1998) consisted of pot studies with contaminated soils from three contaminated sites. Hydraulic seeding studies have been conducted with metal-tolerant F. rubra cv. 'Merlin' and non-tolerant cv. 'Boreal' . On metalliferous fluorspar mine tailings no difference existed in the two in performance (Morrey et al. 1984).Roots; shoots


memo:
Dushenkov et al. 1995: Pb [86 mg/g; root]. Pichtel and Salt 1998: Cu [12.4 µg/g in shoot]; Pb [90.0 µg/g in shoot]; Zn [90.5 µg/g in shoot]; Ni [9.9 µg/g in shoot]; Cr [186.4 µg/g in shoot]. Hunter et al. 1984: Cu [73.3 µg/g in shoot]; Cd [2.9 µg/g in shoot. Studies by Pichtel and Salt (1998) consisted of pot studies with contaminated soils from three contaminated sites. Hydraulic seeding studies have been conducted with metal-tolerant F. rubra cv. 'Merlin' and non-tolerant cv. 'Boreal' . On metalliferous fluorspar mine tailings no difference existed in the two in performance (Morrey et al. 1984). Roots; shoots


memo:
Dushenkov et al. 1995: Pb [125 mg/g; root]. Roots


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [7443 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [1281 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [509-1248 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [997-1638 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Jaffré and Schmid 1974: Ni [34000 µg/g]. Proctor 1992b: Cr [max. 430 µg/g; leaf]. Leaf (Cr, Ni)


memo:
Taylor et al. 1992: Mn [ 360 µg/g in shoot]; Pb [30 µg/g in shoot]; Al [149 µg/g in shoot].
Chino et al. 1997, shoots: Cu [40.2 µg/g]; Ni [61.3 µg/g]; Cd [48.3 µg/g]; Zn [897 µg/g]; Mn [820 µg/g].
Haghiri 1973: Cd [26 µg/g in shoot]. Highest mean value of several metals accumulated when grown on three different mine spoils are recorded in the database (Taylor et al. 1992). Shoot


memo:
Köhl et al. 1996: Al [>1000µg/g in leaves]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [425 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [1124 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [281 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [317 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [239 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [609-1005 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [200 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Chung and Yen 1997: Al [1900 µg/g in leaf]. The species occurs naturally on coal mine spoils high in Al. Leaf


memo:
Shuman and Li 1997: Zn [max 1975 µg/g in shoot]. Shuman and Li (1997) conducted a pot trial to determine the effect on Zn uptake by addition of various amounts of lime and mushroom compost. See also Mullins and Burmester (1993) for accumulation of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. Shoot


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [2240-4070 µg/g]. Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94: Ni [80-800 µg/g; leaf]. Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [hyperaccumulation shown with indicator paper; leaf]. Qualitative color reactions were used for establishing relative concentrations using Waltham N-testing indicator papers (Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94)


memo:
Brooks et al. 1982: Cu [8356 µg/g]; Co [2240 µg/g]. Brooks unpub.( cf. Baker and Brooks 1989): Zn [1.98 %]


memo:
Brooks 1977: Cu [2070 µg/g]; Co [10200 µg/g]. Promise for biogeochemical prospecting (Baker and Brooks 1989). Leaf (Co)


memo:
Brooks et al. 1987: Cu [1089 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Dushenkov et al. 1995: Pb [140 mg/g; root].
Huang et al. 1997a: Pb [ >1000 µg/g (shoot) using HEDTA].
Kumar et al. 1995: Pb [5.6 mg/g (shoot) & 61.6 mg/g (root)].
Dushenkov et al. 1997: U [>15000 µg/g (>1%) at 2430 µg/L].
Dushenkov et al. 1997: Cs [high absorption but slower rates than Ur]; Sr [high absorption but slower rates than U].
Yong and Schooner 1997: Pb [28,000 mg/kg without EDTA; 42000 mg/kg with EDTA in roots]. CHELATES:Chelate treatments (0 or 0.5 g/kg) used by Huang et al. 1997: DTPA (free acid; EDDHA (free acid); EDTA (trisodium salt); EGTA (free acid); HEDTA (trisodium salt). Yong and Schooner 1997 (EDTA). GENERAL NOTES: Detailed fact sheet based on Duke 1983 is available at: http:www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/helianthus_annuus (Jan 1998). Pb (chelates used and effectiveness: EDTA>HEDTA>DTPA>EGTA>EDDHA; see Huang  et al.1997). More U was absorbed at pH 5 than at pH 7. Salt et al. (1995)  indicate a broad range of element accumulation through rhizofiltration including the substantial reduction in the following metals in a hydroponic solution: Cr(VI); Mn; Cd; Ni; Cu; U(VI); Pb; Zn; Sr. STORAGE ORGAN: Root; shoot; >99% in root for U0


memo:
Vergnano Gambi 1992: Ni [480 µg/g; stem]; Cr [178 µg/g; leaf & stem]. Stem


memo:
Brooks et al. 1992: Ni [2020 µg/g leaf]. See also earlier publication on this Brazilian expedition (Brooks et al. 1990). Leaf


memo:
Foy and Oakes 1984: Al [max 862 ppm dry weight; tops]. "This strain survived two winters at -20.5 °C at Beltsville, MD and was the most cold tolerant of 53 clones studies at 18 locations in the US" (Foy and Oakes 1984). Shoot


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [108 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999).


memo:
Morrey et al. 1989: Ni [363 µg/g; leaf - 331 µg/g; stem - 389 µg/g root]. Leaf; stem; root


memo:
Brooks et al. 1987: Co [1527 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Baker and Walker 1990: [zinc, cadmium and lead tolerant]


memo:
Brooks et al. 1977a: Ni [1805 µg/g]. Shoot


memo:
Brooks et al. 1977a: Ni [1850 µg/g]. Shoot


memo:
Brooks et al. 1977a: Ni [14500 µg/g]. Yang et al. 1985: Ni [max 2574 µg/g; shoot]. Shoot


memo:
Jaffré 1980: Ni [11700 µg/g]. Yang et al. 1985: Ni [max 5115 µg/g; shoot]. Shoot (Yang et al. 1985)


memo:
Yang et al. 1985: Mn [1121 µg/g; shoot]. Shoot


memo:
Yang et al. 1985: Mn [1021 µg/g; shoot]. Shoot


memo:
Lee et al. 1977a: Ni [ 9420 µg/g; ]. Yang et al. 1985: Ni [max 4389 µg/g; shoot]. Shoot (Yang et al. 1985)


memo:
Brooks et al. 1977a: Ni [1694 µg/g]. Yang et al. 1985: Mn [1204 µg/g; shoot]. Shoot


memo:
Brooks et al. 1977a: Ni [1157 µg/g]. Shoot


memo:
Ebbs and Kochian 1998: Zn [>500 µg/g in shoots]. The study by Ebbs and Kochian 1998 included hydroponic screening and pots with Zn contaminated soil. See also Sharma and Habib 1995 for differential bioaccumulation of Mg, Pb, Cr and Zn. Shoot


memo:
Jaffré 1980: Ni [25500 µg/g]. Proctor 1992b: Cr [5-260 µg/g; leaf]. Zn content is inversely  related to the Mg content (Lee et al. 1977a). Leaf (Cr)


memo:
Cole 1992: Ni [12400 µg/g; leaf; Widgiemooltha area;  peridotite]; Ni [13900 µg/g; leaf; Dordie Rocks area; serpentinite]. The species occurs at Widgiemooltha and Dordie Rocks area over serpentinite high in nickel and copper but is concentrated at the contact of such rock and quartz feldspar porphyry dykes. Levels of nickel below 10000 µg/g  were also found at several sites. Streitt and Stumm (1993) report the findings of Harborne (1988) of up to 22% nickel in the total ash content. Leaf


memo:
Wang et al. 1995: Cd [max >200 µg/g]. Vajpayee et al. 1995: Cr [232.5 µg/g mean for plant]. Gupta and Chandra 1996: Hg [max >1400 nmol/g (280 µg/g); dry wt.]. Gupta and Chandra 1994: Pb [max ca 5 µmole/g dry wt.]. Induction of phytochelatins under Cd stress has also been studied by Tripathi et al. (1996). See also Gupta et al. (1998) for phytochelatin production under mercury stress. Whole plant


memo:
Kovács et al. 1984: Pb [6.74 µg/g]; As [107.07 µg/g]; Cu [13.48 µg/g]; Ni [33.71 µg/g]; Co [32.12 µg/g]; Cr [1.80 µg/g]; Zn [321.2 µg/g]. Chemical analyses by Kovács et al. 1984 were conducted on naturally occurring plants and represent max. values. Whole plant


memo:
Pérez et al. 1993: Al [135 µg/g in leaves]. Leaf


memo:
Wang et al. 1995: Cd [max > 200µg/g; whole plant]. Whole plant


memo:
Rai et al. 1995: Cr [> 104 µg/g]; Pb [> 2486 µg/g]. Values for Rai et al. 1995 have been converted to µg/g dw. Whole plant


memo:
Brooks et al. 1987: Co [1429 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Malaisse et al. 1979: Cu [12300 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Piccardi and Clauser 1983: Cu [max > 4 mg/g (units of measurement not clear]. See also study by Mungur et al. 1997 on a laboratory scale wetland. Root; much less in rhizome; little in leaf


memo:
Welsh and Denny 1980: Pb [5700 µg/g in root,  1200 µg/g in shoot]; Cu [86 µg/g in root, 39 µg/g in shoot]. Primarily, mean values for analyses of aquatic vegetation are given by Welsh and Denny 1980. Root, shoot


memo:
Henriques and Fernandes 1991: Zn [130 µg/g in roots; 120 µg/g in shoot]; Cu [262 µg/g in roots; 23.1 µg/g in shoot]; Pb [200 µg/g in root; 17 µg/g in shoot]; Mn [72 µg/g in root; 126 µg/g in shoot]. Concentrations of heavy metals were determined from plants collected from the waterlogged pyrite mine tailings at the Lousal mine in Portugal. High levels of iron were associated with the plant tissues from two sites. Root; shoot


memo:
Ellis et al. 1994: Cu [>50 µg/g in root; < 50 µg/g in stem]; Pb [150 µg/g in root; about 50 µg/g in stem]; Zn [>100 µg/g in root; <50 µg/g in stem]; Cd [>50 µg/g in root; < 50 µg/g in stem]. Ellis et al. (1994) determined natural metal levels from unpolluted and polluted sites and compared results with tests growing plants in tanks dosed with metals. Root, stem


memo:
Wang et al. 1998 (pers. comm.): Pb [298 µg/g in roots; 172 µg/g in shoots]. Results for Wang et al. (1998) were received as pers. comm. and are based on hydroponic studies. Root; shoot


memo:
Brooks et al. 1992: Ni [2690 µg/g leaf]. See also earlier publication on this Brazilian expedition (Brooks et al. 1990). Leaf


memo:
Chen and Lin 1989: Hg [16-174 times conc. in root than in culture solution]. Seawater and sand culture techniques used with seedlings. After 4 weeks 3.2-37% of Hg from culture solution was absorbed. Root


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [2823-6244 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [422-451 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [206 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [51-280 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [6167 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Azadpour and Matthews 1996: Cd [1628.2 ppm; roots and 667.7; leaf]. Root; leaf


memo:
Dykeman and de Sousa 1966: Cu [726 µg/g in twigs and leaves]. Specimens were analyzed at the Tantramar copper swamp in southeastern New Brunswick; copper in the peat ranged as high as 7% of dry weight (Dykeman and De Sousa 1966). Twig and leaf


memo:
ELEMENT FORM: Ni(II); Cd(II); Pb(II); Cu(II & III; see Polette et al. 1997). Root; shoot; http://www.engg.ksu.edu/HSRC/JHSR/v1_no3.PDF


memo:
ELEMENT FORM: Ni(II); Cd(II); Pb(II); Cu(II & III; see Polette et al. 1997). Root; shoot


memo:
Yang et al. 1985: Mn [2228 µg/g; shoot] Shoot


memo:
Yang et al. 1985: Ni [max 2782 µg/g; shoot] Shoot


memo:
Yang et al. 1985: Ni [max 562 µg/g; shoot], Shoot


memo:
Yang et al. 1985: Mn [1384 µg/g; shoot] shoot


memo:
Dykeman and de Sousa 1966: Cu [500 µg/g in twigs and leaves], Specimens were analyzed at the Tantramar copper swamp in southeastern New Brunswick; copper in the peat ranged as high as 7% of dry weight (Dykeman and de Sousa 1966). Stem and leaf


memo:
Debusk et al. 1996.: Pb [av. high 1000 µg/g; plant]; Cd [av high 500 µg/g; plant].
Jain et al. 1989: Cu [9278 µg/g; whole plant].
Jain et al. 1990: Pb [max 6662 µg/g]; Zn [max 3698 µg/g].
Van Steveninck et al. 1992: Zn [17800 µg/g]. See Culley and Epps (1973) for use of duckweed for waste treatment and animal feed. Also see Oron et al. (1986) for wastewater treatment and renovation by different duckweed species. Van Steveninck et al. (1992) used clones of local plants in nutrient solutions to determine uptake of Zn; only maximum result is included in database. Plant


memo:
Debusk et al. 1996.: Pb [av. high 1000 µg/g; plant]; Cd [av high 500 µg/g; plant].Jain et al. 1989: Cu [9278 µg/g; whole plant].
Jain et al. 1990: Pb [max 6662 µg/g]; Zn [max 3698 µg/g].
Van Steveninck et al. 1992: Zn [17800 µg/g]. See Culley and Epps (1973) for use of duckweed for waste treatment and animal feed. Also see Oron et al. (1986) for wastewater treatment and renovation by different duckweed species. Van Steveninck et al. (1992) used clones of local plants in nutrient solutions to determine uptake of Zn; only maximum result is included in database. Plant


memo:
Hutchinson and Czyrska 1975: Cd [1475.5 µg/g]; Cu [54500 µg/g (plants dead)]; Ni [3067 µg/g]. Studies by Hutchinson and Czyrska (1975) consisted of nutrient media studies with single elements or two elements at a time; studies also included single species tests and tests of accumulation when both Salvinia natans and Lemna valdiviana were cultured together. Maximum values are recorded in the database. Leaf


memo:
Proctor and Cole 1992: Ni [331 µg/g; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [10140 µg/g].
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [accumulator; shown with indicator paper; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [6790-19160 µg/g; 4 plants]. Baker and Brooks 1989: Ni [7700 µg/g]. The Ni concentration of 7700 µg/g was originally determined on a specimen identified as L. flavicans. The identifcation was subsequently corrected to L. angustifolius by Reeves et al. 1996. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [13330 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [2260 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [11660 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [6470-11740 µg/g; 4 plants]. Qualitative tests of leaves by Bordács and Borhidi (1993-94) also showed this species to be a hyperaccumulator of Ni at the 7000-70000 µg/g level. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [2040-19620 µg/g; 4 plants].
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [accumulator; shown with indicator paper; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [4970-8070 µg/g; 3 plants].
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [hyperaccumulator; shown with indicator paper; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [accumulator; shown with indicator paper; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [7670 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [4610-8550 µg/g].. Qualitative tests of leaves by Bordács and Borhidi (1993-94) also showed this species to be a hyperaccumulator of Ni at the 7000-70000 µg/g level. Leaf
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [hyperaccumulation shown with indicator paper; leaf]


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [6710-15500 µg/g; 6 plants].
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [hyperaccumulation shown with indicator paper; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94: Ni [7000-70000 µg/g; leaf].
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [hyperaccumulation shown with indicator paper; leaf]. Qualitative color reactions were used for establishing relative concentrations using Waltham N-testing indicator papers (Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [4260 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [13310-27240 µg/g; 6 plants].
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [accumulator; shown with indicator paper; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [3850 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [9770-15510 µg/g; 4 plants].
Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94: Ni [7000-70000 µg/g; leaf].
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [hyperaccumulation shown with indicator paper; leaf]. Qualitative color reactions were used for establishing relative concentrations using Waltham N-testing indicator papers (Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [15330 µg/g].
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [accumulator; shown with indicator paper; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [5070-9980 µg/g; 3 plants].
Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94: Ni [800-8000 µg/g; leaf].
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [hyperaccumulation shown with indicator paper; leaf]. Qualitative color reactions were used for establishing relative concentrations using Waltham N-testing indicator papers (Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [5800-18050 µg/g].
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [hyperaccumulation shown with indicator paper; leaf]


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [10760 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [8910-17240 µg/g; 4 plants].
Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94: Ni [7000-70000 µg/g; leaf]. Qualitative color reactions were used for establishing relative concentrations using Waltham N-testing indicator papers (Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [13080 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [10820-18480 µg/g; 2 plants].
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [hyperaccumulation shown with indicator paper; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [12090-24500 µg/g; 2 plants].
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [hyperaccumulation shown with indicator paper; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [13890 µg/g].
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [accumulator; shown with indicator paper; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [5630-24360 µg/g; 2 plants].
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [accumulator; shown with indicator paper; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [7410-12600 µg/g; 4 plants].
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [hyperaccumulation shown with indicator paper; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Garg et al. 1994: Cr [223.73 µg/g roots and 226.31 µg/g juvenile leaves]. Root; leaf


memo:
Vergnano Gambi and Gabbrielli 1981 & Vergnano Gambi 1992: Ni [150-1990 µg/g]
Baker and Brooks 1989


memo:
Brooks et al. 1987 & Malaisse and Grégoire 1978: Co [1113 µg/g]. Brooks et al. 1987 & Malaisse and Grégoire 1978: Co [1113 µg/g]. Brooks et al. 1987 & Malaisse and Grégoire 1978: Co [1113 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1987 & Malaisse and Grégoire 1978: Cu [9322 µg/g]; Co [2300 µg/g]. Shoot (Cu)


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [174 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1992: Ni [5130 µg/g; leaf]. See also earlier publication on this Brazilian expedition (Brooks et al. 1990). Leaf


memo:
Welsh and Denny 1980: Pb [1500 µg/g in root, 310 µg/g shoot]; Cu [44 µg/g in root, 33 µg/g in shoot]. Mean values of analyses of aquatic vegetation are provided by Welsh and Denny 1980. Root; shoot


memo:
Dushenkov et al. 1995: Pb [134 mg/g; root].
Pichtel and Salt 1998: Cu [10.1 µg/g in shoot]; Pb [120.4 µg/g in shoot]; Zn [113.2 µg/g in shoot]; Ni [11.4 µg/g in shoot]; Cr [359.2 µg/g in shoot].
Al-Attar et al. 1988: Cd [195.53 µg/g in shoot; 1061.85 µg/g in roots]; Hg [328.3 µg/g in shoots; 11810.7  µg/g roots]; Tl [144.05 µg/g in shoots; 576.00 µg/g in roots].
Yang et al. 1997: Ni [max > 400 µg/g in shoot; about 4000 µg/g in root].
Yang. et al. 1995 Cd [<100 µg/g in shoot; >3000 µg/g in root]. 
Yang et al., 1996: Ni [>300 µg/g in shoot; >2500 µg/g in root].
Taylor et al. 1993 : Al [422.8 µg/g in shoot]; Mn [360 µg/g in shoot]; Zn [32.8 µg/g in shoot]; Pb [165.6 µg/g in shoot]; Cu [28.1 µg/g in shoot]. Studies by Pichtel and Salt 1998 consisted of pot studies with contaminated soils from three contaminated sites. Study by Al-Attar et al. 1988 is based on seedling studies in  nutrient solutions. Nutrient solution studies were conducted by Yang et al. 1997. See also Yang et al. 1996 for Ni accumulation in nutrient solution. Yang et al. 1996 tested Ni accumulation in nutrient cultures; maximum values attained are recorded in the database. See Jones et al. 1973 for hyperaccumulation in roots (3692 µg/g max) in nutrient solution. See Gartside and McNeilly 1974 for Cu tolerance evaluation. Root; shoot


memo:
Brooks et al. 1992: Ni [1890 µg/g leaf]. See also earlier publication on this Brazilian expedition (Brooks et al. 1990). Leaf


memo:
Ernst 1975: Zn [>2000 µg/g]; Cu [about 20 µg/g] Baker 1981: Zn [includes Ernst's 1975 data for Zn]


memo:
Kruckeberg and Wu 1992: Cu [about 97-1304 µg/g in roots and 22-70 µg/g in shoot];  Lin and Wu 1994: Cu [max 800 µg/g; roots and 50 µg/g; leaves].
Wu and Lin 1990: Cu [64 µg/g in leaf of line MT12; 65 µg/g in stem of line MT12; 941 µg/g in root of line F4]. Root


memo:
Costa and Morel 1993: Cd [235.23 µg/g; root]. Intracellular absorption consituted 70%; of this, about 70% was due to active absorption. Active excretion was also recorded. Root


memo:
Kruckeberg and Wu 1992: Cu [about 110-4100 µg/g in roots and 38-61 µg/g in shoot]. Root


memo:
Grauer and Horst 1990: Al [max >2.5 mg/g; root]. Seedlings were grown in nutrient solutions at specific pH values. Root


memo:
Vergnano Gambi and Gabbrielli 1981: Ni [2050 µg/g]. Ni concentration is given as 1130 µg/g (red leaves) and 2390 µg/g (green leaves) in Vergnano Gambi 1992.


memo:
Roberts 1992: Ni [913 µg/g]; Al [1500 µg/g]. Lychnis alpina var. serpentinicola is a common plant of serpentine in Scandinavia and used as an indicator of copper ores (Rune and Westerbergh 1992).


memo:
Hudnik et al. 1994: Zn [8350 µg/g; roots]; Pb [5170 µg/g; roots]; Cd [106 µg/g; roots]. Results of heavy metal accumulation are based on plants grown in nutrient solutions (Hudnik et al. 1994). Root


memo:
Wickland 1990: Cu [>1000 µg/g; rhizome]. Also accumulated by this species are lead and zinc (Wickland 1990). Rhizome


memo:
Jaffré 1977 & Jaffré 1980: Mn [33800 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Tiemann et al. 1997: Cu [19.7 mg/g]; Ni [4.11 mg/g]; Cd [7.1  mg/g]; Cr [7.7 mg/g]; Pb [43 mg/g]; Zn [4.9 mg/g].
Gardea-Torresdey et al. 1995 (only shoot values are given): Ni [4.11mg/g; African]; Ni [1.60 mg/g; CW630]; Ni [2.05 mg/g; Flemish]; Ni [1.90 mg/g; Ladak]; Ni [2.20 mg/g; Malone]; Ni [2.40 mg/g; Moapa]; Ni [1.41 mg/g; Peruvian]. Out of seven "populations" tested, 'Malone' and 'African' had the highest metal binding capacity (Tiemann et al. 1997). Studies were likely based on biomass adsorption similar to Gardea-Torresdey et al. (1995). Gardea-Torresdey et al. 1996  results gave as high as 4.1 mg of Ni per g  of silica-immobilized biomass. See also Canarutto (1993) for growth  and accumulation tests with contaminated soil. See Baligar et al. (1993) for differential responses of alfalfa clones to aluminum-toxic acid soils. See also Bingham et al. (1976) for Cd accumulation. Shoot. ELEMENT FORM: Cu(II); Ni(II); Cd(II); Cr(III); Pb(II); Zn(II). Shoot


memo:
Mench et al. 1997: Pb [23 µg/g in shoot]. Sample was analyzed from garden near a lead tetra-ethyl facility (Mench et al. 1997). Shoot


memo:
Brooks and Yang 1984: Ni [1400 µg/g]
Proctor and Cole 1992: Ni [879 µg/g; leaf]; Mn [495 µg/g; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Thomas et al. 1998: Cu [max 3500 µg/g in leaves]. Study by Thomas et al. 1998 was based on the use of seedlings grown in culture solution with exposure to several levels of sodium chloride and copper in the form of copper sulphate pentahydrate. Leaf


memo:
Bech et al. 1997: As [112-1650 µg/g]; Zn [ 58-131 µg/g]; Cu [37-142 µg/g]; Mn [226-442 µg/g]; Al [6410-6800 µg/g]. Results are of plants analyzed from a copper mine in northern Peru. Shoot


memo:
Baker and Walker 1990: [copper tolerant]. See Tilstone and Macnair (1997)  and Harper et al. (1997) for aspects of copper tolerance.


memo:
Konstantinou and Babalonas 1996: Pb [1175 µg/g; shoot]. Shoot


memo:
Kruckeberg and Wu 1992: Cu [about 125-2281 µg/g in roots; 10-343 µg/g in stems and 12-303 µg/g in leaves]. Root


memo:
Vergnano Gambi and Gabbrielli 1981: Ni [1910 µg/g]. Vergnano Gambi (1992) gives a concentration for Ni of 240-1900 µg/g for Minuartia as per Vergnano Gambi and Gabbrielli (1981).


memo:
Proctor 1992a: Ni [204 µg/g; leaf]. Huang et al. 1997: Pb [1400 mg/kg in shoot]. Ernst 1975: Zn [>9000 µg/g]; Pb [>1250 µg/g]; Cd [>50 µg/g]; Cu [>100 µg/g]. Leaf (Ni); shoot (Pb)


memo:
Nishizono et al. 1987b: Cu [225 µg/g; root]. Felix 1997, shoot: Cd [0.83 µg/g]. Root


memo:
Morishita and Boratynski 1992: Pb [max 575 mg/kg; root]


memo:
Brooks et al. 1992: Ni [1000 µg/g leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [71-677 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [2940-5025 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [460-571 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [671-750 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [269-1461 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [108 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [415-532 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [846-993 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [1799 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [980-1210 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Welsh and Denny 1980: Pb [1000 µg/g in root and 590 µg/g in shoot]; Cu [36 µg/g in root and 21 µg/g in shoot]. Mean values for analyses of aquatic vegetation are given in Welsh and Denny 1980. Root, shoot


memo:
Franzin and McFarlane 1980: Zn [12300 µg/g in shoot]; Cu [346 µg/g in shoot]; Cd [31  µg/g in shoot]; As [263 µg/g in shoot]; Pb [242 µg/g in shoot]; Mn [6270 µg/g in shoot]. Dushenkov et al. 1995: As [30-255 µg/g in whole plant]. The reported data from the Flin Flon area is from contaminated lakes in the vicinity of a base metal smelter; only the maximum value of several metals from six lakes is recorded in the database. Only leaves and stems of submerged plants were analyzed. Study by Dushenkov et al. 1995 is from lakes with high levels of arsenic in sediments (to 18650 µg/g). Shoot; whole plant


memo:
Wang et al. 1995: Cd [max > 500µg/g; whole plant].
Sajwan and Ornes 1996: Cd [max > 250 µg/g].
Kovács et al 1984: Pb [21.83 µg/g]; As [19.65 µg/g]; Zn [349.34 µg/g]; Cu [56.77 µg/g]; Ni [65.50 µg/g]; Cr [65.50 µg/g]; Co [17.47 µg/g]. Study by Kovács et al. 1984 was on plants growing in native sites in Lake Balaton. See also Stanley (1974) for toxicity of heavy metals and salts. Whole plant


memo:
Aulio 1986: Cu [10.2 µg/g in shoot]; Zn [83.2 µg/g in shoot]; Mn [4875 µg/g in shoot]. Mudroch and Capobianco 1979; (µg/g): Ni [169]; Co [860]; Cu [37]; Pb [31]; Zn [92]; Cd [1.4]; Cr [6.9]; As [1200]. The study by Aulio (1986) included 15 aquatics in the Kokemänjoki R. estuary  in western Finland. Mudroch and Capobianco (1979) determined the metal content of various aquatics in the Moira River watershed within an area where active mining and smelting had occurred for over 100 years. Shoot


memo:
Knowlton et al. 1983: Pb [0.08-1.48mg/g in roots]. Cearley and Coleman 1973: Cd [max 5429.3 µg/g]. Results are based on laboratory experimentation. Shoot


memo:
Dushenkov et al. 1995: Pb [132 mg/g; root]. Kumar et al. 1995: Pb [0.8 mg/g (shoot); 24.9 mg/g (root)]. Felix 1997, shoot: Cd [10 µg/g]. Root; shoot


memo:
Reeves and Brooks 1983b: Ni [13600 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves and Brooks 1983b: Ni [23400 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves and Brooks 1983b: Zn [10500 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves and Brooks 1983b: Ni [16200 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves and Brooks 1983b: Ni [11800 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Vergnano Gambi 1992: Ni [200-300 µg/g; root]. Root


memo:
Aulio 1980: Cu [about 110 µg/g in petiole; 90 in leaves and about 50 in rhizome]. Aulio 1986: Zn [195.2 µg/g in shoot]; Mn [1917 µg/g in shoot]. Data from Finland are from area near copper processing plant. Values recorded are estimated from graph in publication. Review of this work is also found in St-Cyr et al. 1997. Leaf


memo:
Vajpayee et al. 1995: Cr [310.8 µg/g for whole plant]. Chandra et al. 1997: Cr [max 1207 µg/g in roots; 515 µg/g in leaf and 80.06 µg/g in rhizome at 5.0 µg/ml conc. of background Cr; with tannery effluent young plants accumulated 465 µg/g]. Chromium absorption was studied by Chandra et al. 1997 in chromium solution and in tests using tannery effluent and tannery sludge. Whole plant; root, leaf, rhizome


memo:
Aulio 1986: Cu [10.6 µg/g in shoot]; Zn [117.4 µg/g in shoot]; Mn [1223 µg/g in shoot]. The study by Aulio (1986) included 15 aquatics in the Kokemänjoki R. estuary  in western Finland. Shoot


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [1702 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [4715-8190 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Malaisse et al. 1979 & Brooks et al. 1987: Cu [6260 µg/g]; Co [2139 µg/g]. Shoot (Cu); leaf (Co)


memo:
Dushenkov et al. 1995: Pb [109 mg/g; root]. Root


memo:
Dushenkov et al. 1995: Pb [116 mg/g; root]. Reed 1997: Reed (1997): Cd [200 µg/g in roots]. Root


memo:
Lan et al. 1990 (whole plant): Pb [>800 mg/kg]; Zn [>600 mg/kg]. Whole plant


memo:
Bech et al. 1997: As [1530-5280 µg/g]; Zn [ 275-604 µg/g]; Cu [188-1880 µg/g]; Mn [1210-1490 µg/g]; Al [489-12125 µg/g]. Results are of plants analyzed from a copper mine in northern Peru. The maximum range values in the study by Bech et al. 1997 for As, Cu, Mn and Al are concentrations derived from dead leaf samples. Shoot


memo:
Bech et al. 1997: As [1130 µg/g]; Zn [61 µg/g]; Cu [300 µg/g]; Mn [40 µg/g]; Al [183 µg/g]. Results are of plants analyzed from a copper mine in northern Peru. Shoot


memo:
Wild 1970: Ni [10000 µg/g]. Proctor and Cole 1992: Ni [14100 µg/g; leaf]; Mn [1910 µg/g; leaf]. Proctor and Cole (1992) consider the Mn concentration to be noteworthy. Leaf


memo:
Morrey et al. 1989: Ni [259 µg/g; leaf - 227 µg/g; stem - 335 µg/g; root]. Leaf; stem; root


memo:
Reeves et al. 1980: Ni [18900 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1980: Ni [34400 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94: Ni [80-800 µg/g; leaf]. Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [hyperaccumulation shown with indicator paper; leaf]. Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [4166-5504 µg/g]. Qualitative color reactions were used for establishing relative concentrations using Waltham N-testing indicator papers (Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [5846 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [hyperaccumulation shown with indicator paper; leaf].
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [5460-5576 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [hyperaccumulation shown with indicator paper; leaf]. Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [10900-16600 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [hyperaccumulation shown with indicator paper; leaf].
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [2205-3347 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94: Ni [800-8000 µg/g; leaf]. Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [hyperaccumulation indicated with indicator paper; leaf]. Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [4190-5315 µg/g]. Qualitative color reactions were used for establishing relative concentrations using Waltham N-testing indicator papers (Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [578-7220 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [hyperaccumulation shown with indicator paper; leaf]. Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [6964-8748 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [hyperaccumulation shown with indicator paper; leaf]. Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [3010 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94: Ni [7000-70000 µg/g; leaf]. 
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [hyperaccumulation shown with indicator paper; leaf].
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [470-4833 µg/g]. Qualitative color reactions were used for establishing relative concentrations using Waltham N-testing indicator papers (Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94). Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1992: Ni [4870 µg/g leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Welsh and Denny 1976: Pb [31 µg/g in shoot and 360 µg/g in root]. The aquatic plant samples for the study by Welsh and Denny 1976 were taken close to the source of lead contamination from nearby lead mines. Root; shoot


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [136-940 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Dushenkov et al. 1997: U [concentration not indicated but reasonable accumulation by rhizofiltration]. Root


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: [nickel hyperaccumulator]. Leaf


memo:
Pichtel and Salt 1998: Cu [13.1 µg/g in shoot]; Pb [141.2 µg/g in shoot]; Zn [168.8 µg/g in shoot]; Ni [12.6 µg/g in shoot]; Cr [145.9 µg/g in shoot]. Studies by Pichtel and Salt (1998) consisted of pot studies with contaminated soils from three contaminated sites. Shoot


memo:
Aulio 1986: Cu [5.8 µg/g in shoot]; Zn [30.5 µg/g in shoot]; Mn [573 µg/g in shoot].
Ye  et al. 1997: Zn [2049 µg/g in shoots; 6243 µg/g in roots]; Pb [67 µg/g in shoots and 830 µg/g in roots]; Cd [7.4 µg/g in shoots and  49 µg/g in roots].
Ye et al. 1998: Zn  [2196 µg/g in shoot; 7804 µg/g in root]; Pb [12 µg/g in shoot; 1646 µg/g in root]; Cd [0.2 µg/g in shoot; 16 µg/g in root]; Cu [40 µg/g in shoot; 502 µg/g in root]; Ni [34 µg/g in shoot; 169 µg/g in root].
Wang et al. 1998 (pers. comm.): Pb [2021 µg/g in roots; 209 µg/g in shoots]. GENERAL NOTESThe study by Aulio (1986) included 15 aquatics in the Kokemänjoki R. estuary  in western Finland. Ye et al. (1997) used seeds and soils collected in the UK, Hong Kong and Belgium for their seedling culture studies using both non-contaminated soils and contaminated soil; high levels of heavy metals were found in plants derived from seeds from both contaminated and uncontaminated soils. Only the maximum values are recorded in the database from Ye et al. 1997. Results for Wang et al. (1998) were received as pers. comm. and are based on hydroponic studies. See also Schierup and Larsen (1981) for metal cycling in this species and study by Mungur et al. (1997) on a laboratory scale wetland. STORAGE ORGANS Shoot; root


memo:
Chandra et al 1997.: Cr [max. 615 µg/g in young plants with tannery effluent; max 816 µg/g in roots and max110 µg/g in shoots using tannery sludge]. Studies by Chandra et al. used 100% tannery effluent and tannery sludge. Whole plant and roots tested.


memo:
Kersten et al. 1979: Ni [9-2100 µg/g; 24 plants; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Kersten et al. 1979: Ni [3-207 µg/g; 11 plants; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Kersten et al. 1979: Ni [108-1820 µg/g; 2 plants; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Kersten et al. 1979: Ni [2-1450 µg/g; 14 plants; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Kersten et al. 1979: Ni [1-402 µg/g; 5 plants; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Kersten et al. 1979: Ni [91-320 µg/g; 3 plants; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [3400-31750 µg/g; 11 plants].
Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94: Ni [7000-70000 µg/g; leaf]. Qualitative color reactions were used for establishing relative concentrations using Waltham N-testing indicator papers (Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94). Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [18530 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Kersten et al. 1979:  Ni [240-1180 µg/g; 3 plants; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [10790-13790 µg/g; 4 plants].
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [hyperaccumulation shown with indicator paper; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [11510-21870 µg/g; 4 plants]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [9340-19380 µg/g; 4 plants].
Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94: Ni [7000-70000 µg/g; leaf].
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [hyperaccumulation shown with indicator paper; leaf]. Qualitative color reactions were used for establishing relative concentrations using Waltham N-testing indicator papers (Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94). Leaf


memo:
Kersten et al. 1979: Ni [41-320 µg/g; 6 plants; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [7260 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Kersten et al. 1979: Ni [13-489 µg/g; 11 plants; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [4200-8750 µg/g; 5 plants]. Leaf


memo:
Kersten et al. 1979: Ni [4-705 µg/g; 4 plants; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [13670-31490 µg/g; 5 plants];
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [accumulator; shown with indicator paper; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [12060-19060 µg/g; 2 plants].
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [accumulator; shown with indicator paper; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Kersten et al. 1979: Ni [2-598 µg/g; 4 plants]. Leaf


memo:
Baker et al. 1992 (pers. comm. with T. Jaffré): Ni [>34000 µg/g; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [7400 µg/g].
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [accumulator; shown with indicator paper; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [10-1582 µg/g; 5 plants]. Leaf


memo:
Kersten et al. 1979: Ni [46-1480 µg/g; 8 plants; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Kersten et al. 1979: Ni [428 µg/g; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Kersten et al. 1979: Ni [1090 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Baker et al. 1992: Ni [>5140-9210 µg/g; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Kersten et al. 1979: Ni [189-822; 4 plants; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Kersten et al. 1979; Ni [1420 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [4950-19750 µg/g; 7 plants].
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [hyperaccumulation shown with indicator paper; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94: Ni [7000-70000 µg/g; leaf]. Qualitative color reactions were used for establishing relative concentrations using Waltham N-testing indicator papers (Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94)


memo:
Kersten et al. 1979: Ni [261-791 µg/g; 10 plants; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [14330 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [16940-33240 µg/g; 5 plants]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [8490-9970 µg/g; 2 plants]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [7910-21710 µg/g; 2 plants].
Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94: Ni [7000-70000 µg/g; leaf]. Qualitative color reactions were used for establishing relative concentrations using Waltham N-testing indicator papers (Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [5780-8900 µg/g; 2 plants]. Leaf


memo:
Kersten et al. 1979: Ni [8240-9550 µg/g; 3 plants; leaf]; Co [36-796 µg/g; 3 plants; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [12240-22930 µg/g; 4 plants]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [4140-10950 µg/g; 7 plants].
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [hyperaccumulation shown with indicator paper; leaf]


memo:
Baker et al. 1992: Ni [>16000 µg/g; leaf; about 90000 µg/g in dried stems]. The area is under threat from: shifting cultivation; charcoal production; mining (nickel and chromite). Leaf; stem; root


memo:
Kersten et al. 1979: Ni [10-262 µg/g; 26 plants]. Leaf


memo:
Kersten et al. 1979: Ni [161-2830 µg/g; 5 plants; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Kersten et al. 1979: Ni [1-403 µg/g; 13 plants; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [4890-19400 µg/g; 3 plants].
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [hyperaccumulation shown with indicator paper; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Kersten et al. 1979: Ni [33-442 µg/g; 3 plants; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Kersten et al. 1979: Ni [3-543 µg/g; 13 plants; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Kersten et al. 1979: Ni [4-961 µg/g; 14 plants; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [9460-22670 µg/g; 4 plants].
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [hyperaccumulation shown with indicator paper; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Kersten et al. 1979: Ni [87-772 µg/g; 6 plants; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [13650-21930 µg/g; 2 plants]. Leaf


memo:
Baker et al. 1992: Ni [1050-34750 µg/g; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Kersten et al. 1979: Ni [3890-38100 µg/g; 18 plants; leaf]; Co [33-270 µg/g; 18 plants; leaf].
Proctor 1992b: Co [<20 µg/g; from Gunung Silam (Sabah) but one plant with 450 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94: Ni [800-8000 µg/g; leaf]. Qualitative color reactions were used for establishing relative concentrations using Waltham N-testing indicator papers (Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94). Leaf


memo:
Kersten et al. 1979: Ni [33-772 µg/g; 5 plants; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Kersten et al. 1979: Ni [11-436 µg/g; 4 plants; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Kersten et al. 1979: Ni [32-372 µg/g; 2 plants; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [232-18100 µg/g; 2 plants]


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [15390-60170 µg/g; 4 plants].
Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94: Ni [7000-70000 µg/g; leaf]. Qualitative color reactions were used for establishing relative concentrations using Waltham N-testing indicator papers (Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94). Leaf


memo:
Kersten et al. 1979: Ni [5-696 µg/g; 3 plants; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94: Ni [800-8000 µg/g; leaf].
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [hyperaccumulation shown with indicator paper; leaf].
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni 13770-25540 µg/g]. Qualitative color reactions were used for establishing relative concentrations using Waltham N-testing indicator papers (Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94). Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Mench et al. 1997: Pb [34 µg/g in shoot]. Sample was analyzed from garden near a lead tetra-ethyl facility (Mench et al. 1997). Shoot


memo:
Dykeman and de Sousa 1966: Cu [310 µg/g in twigs and leaves]. Specimens were analyzed at the Tantramar copper swamp in southeastern New Brunswick; copper in the peat ranged as high as 7% of dry weight (Dykeman and de Sousa 1966). Twig and leaf


memo:
Batianoff and Specht 1992: Ni [1620 µg/g; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves 1992a: Ni [20-30 µg/g; leaf]; Mn [>2000 µg/g; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves 1992a: Ni [300-400 µg/g; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Mench et al. 1997: Pb [245 µg/g in shoot]. Sample was analyzed from garden near a lead tetra-ethyl facility (Mench et al. 1997). Shoot


memo:
Jonnalagadda and Nenzou 1997: As [1260 µg/g in root and 3220 µg/g in shoot]; Cu [80 µg/g in root and 990 µg/g in shoot]; Ni [20 µg/g in root and 40 µg/g in shoot]; Mn [120 µg/g in root and 1110 µg/g in shoot]; Zn [30 µg/g in root and 300 µg/g in shoot]. Root, shoot


memo:
Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94: Ni [80-800 µg/g; leaf]. Qualitative color reactions were used for establishing relative concentrations using Waltham N-testing indicator papers (Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94). Leaf


memo:
Trivedy et al. 1994: Cu [63% removal at 10 ppm]; Cd [75% removal at 10 ppm].
De et al. 1985: Hg [max 1.1 mg/g fresh wt. in root and 0.56 Mg/g fresh wt. in shoot].
Sen et al. 1987: Cr [max 0.273 mg/g fresh wt.; root and 0.012 mg/g fresh wt.; shoot]. Shoot; root


memo:
Huang et al.1997: Pb [>10000 µg/g in shoot with addition of chelate (EDTA)]; Cd [max 1765.2 µg/g; root and max 58.3 µg/g; leaf; Wong et al. 1988];
Azadpour and Matthews 1996: Cd [1571.2 ppm; root; 116.9 ppm; stems]; 29.2 ppm; pods; 19.7 ppm; seeds]. See also Sharma and Habib (1995) for differential bioaccumulation of Mg, Pb, Cr and Zn. CHELATES: Pb (chelate treatments (0 or 0.5 g/kg) used by Huang et al. (1997): DTPA (free acid; EDDHA (free acid); EDTA (trisodium salt); EGTA (free acid); HEDTA (trisodium salt). GENERAL NOTES: Pb (chelates used and effectiveness: EDTA>HEDTA>DTPA>EGTA>EDDHA; see Huang  et al.1997). STORAGE ORGAN: Pb (shoot; root); Cd (mainly root)


memo:
Vergnano Gambi 1992: Ni [217 µg/g; root]. Root


memo:
Hudnik et al. 1994: Zn [15500 µg/g; roots]; Pb [5560 µg/g; roots]; Cd [920 µg/g; roots]. Results of heavy metal accumulation are based on plants grown in nutrient solutions (Hudnik et al. 1994). See also Wu and Antonovics (1976). See Gartside and McNeilly (1974) for Cu tolerance evaluation. Root


memo:
Dushenkov et al. 1995: Pb [165 mg/g; root]. See species abstract on WWW site: http://www.npsc.nbs.gov/resource/othrdata/exoticab/effipoap.htm. Root


memo:
Dushenkov et al. 1995: Pb [100 mg/g; root]. See Gartside and McNeilly (1974) for Cu tolerance evaluation. Root


memo:
Cole et al. 1968: Pb [1044 µg/g; 1 plant]; Zn [6960 µg/g; 1 plant]. This species usually contains low concentrations of Pb (Reeves and Brooks 1983a). Leaf (Pb)


memo:
Aulio 1986: Cu [16.0 µg/g in shoot]; Zn [71.5 µg/g in shoot]; Mn [2187 µg/g in shoot]. The study by Aulio (1986) included 15 aquatics in the Kokemänjoki R. estuary  in western Finland. Shoot


memo:
Nishizono et al. 1987b: Cu [1935 µg/g; root]. Root


memo:
Proctor 1992b: Mn [2200 µg/g; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Negri et al. 1996: Zn [>38000 µg/g; root]. Studies were conducted with hybrid poplars in pots. Root


memo:
Welsh and Denny 1976: Pb [1150 µg/g in root and 380 µg/g in shoot; very young shoot had 251 µg/g in contrast to senescent shoot with 580 µg/g].
Welsh and Denny 1980: Pb [mean 6600 µg/g in root, 500 µg/g shoot]; Cu [34 µg/g in shoot, 32 µg/g in root]. See also Peter et al. 1979 for translocation of lead and copper. Shoot, root


memo:
Knowlton et al. 1983: Pb [0.08-1.48 mg/g in roots; 5-89 µg/g in live foliage and decaying senescent leaves were noted to contain 248-361 µg/g]. Results are based on laboratory experimentation. root and senescent leaves


memo:
Aulio 1986: Cu [14.5 µg/g in shoot]; Zn [124.0 µg/g in shoot]; Mn [4575 µg/g in shoot]. The study by Aulio (1986) included 15 aquatics in the Kokemänjoki R. estuary  in western Finland. Shoot


memo:
Aulio 1986: Cu [20.8 µg/g in shoot]; Zn [141.4 µg/g in shoot]; Mn [2315 µg/g in shoot]. The study by Aulio (1986) included 15 aquatics in the Kokemänjoki R. estuary  in western Finland. Shoot


memo:
Aulio 1986: Cu [39.7 µg/g in shoot]; Zn [162.0 µg/g in shoot]; Mn [4825 µg/g in shoot]. The study by Aulio (1986) included 15 aquatics in the Kokemänjoki R. estuary  in western Finland. Shoot


memo:
Dushenkov et al. 1995: As [190-4990 µg/g in whole plant; 328-1173 in shoots and 464-719 in roots].
Kovács et al 1984: Pb [15.97]; Zn [127.79 µg/g]; Cu [20.77 µg/g]; Ni [23.96 µg/g]; Co [12.78 µg/g]; Cr [6.39 µg/g]. Plants were analyzed from lakes contaminated with mine tailings with arsenic in sediments as high as 18650 µg/g (Dushenkov et al. 1995). See also Peter et al. (1979) for translocation of lead and copper.


memo:
Kovács et al. 1984: Pb [33.97 µg/g];  Cu [63.69 µg/g]; Ni [36.44 µg/g in stem]; Co [36.09 µg/g]; Cr [42.46 µg/g]; Zn [208.04 µg/g in leaf]. Welsh and Denny 1980: Pb [700 µg/g in root and 110 µg/g in shoot]; Cu [21 µg/g in shoot, 15 µg/g in root]. Aulio 1986: Cu [27.3 µg/g]; Zn [460 µg/g]; Mn[7916 µg/g]. Chemical analyses by Kovács et al. 1984 were conducted on naturally occurring plants and represent max. values. The study by Aulio (1986) included 15 aquatics in the Kokemänjoki R. estuary  in western Finland. Shoot


memo:
Ray and White 1976: Cu [198 µg/g max in root; 171 µg/g max in shoot]; Zn [1790 µg/g max in root; 2878 µg max in shoot]; Cd [6.73 µg/g max in root; 4.86 µg/g max in shoot]; Pb [12.8 µg/g max in root; 4.8 µg/g max in shoot]. Study is from area of base-metal mining operations. Root (below ground structures and in shoot).


memo:
Warren et al. 1964: As [10000 ppm (ash weight basis rated as <1000 ppm dry weight basis by Porter and Peterson 1975]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [1356 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [1063 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [109 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [445 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [accumulator; shown with indicator paper; leaf].
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [63-121 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [19090 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [25480-38530 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Jaffré 1980: Ni [47500 µg/g; leaf]. Others organs also have high concentrations of Ni (24000 µg/g; flowers];  [28000 µg/g; fruit]; [2300 µg/g; trunk wood]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [10250 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [12780 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [160 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999).


memo:
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [accumulator; shown with indicator paper; leaf].
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [41 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [35720 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999).


memo:
Ma et al. 2001 [Up to 6,805 in 6 weeks]. Leaf


memo:
Azadpour and Matthews 1996: Cd [398.0 ppm; leaves; 123.3 ppm; root].
Davies 1993: Zn [max 1000 µg/g with low yields; 50% yield reduction at 36.1-1013 µg/g tissue levels]. See Felix (1997) for low level of accumulation of Cd and Zn. Leaf; root


memo:
Brooks and Malaisse 1985: Cu [1560 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks and Yang 1984: Ni [1600 µg/g]. Ni concentration is given as 1311 µg/g  in Proctor and Cole (1992) based on Brooks and Yang (1984). Leaf


memo:
Cuenca et al. 1990: Al [>1000 µg/g; leaf]. The xylem sap was rich in Al with about 35% of it in ionic form. Leaf


memo:
Brooks and Wither 1977: Ni [17500 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1977b: Ni [2170 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [132 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [8727 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [6075 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1992: Ni [3330 µg/g leaf]. See also earlier publication on this Brazilian expedition (Brooks et al. 1990). Leaf


memo:
Azadpour and Matthews 1996: Pb [>500 µg/g; leaves].
Baker 1981: Zn [>1000 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Marquard and Böhm 1995: Cd [>12 µg/g in shoot]. Marquard and Böhm (1995) conducted pot trials using two soil types. Shoot


memo:
Punshon et al. 1995: Cu [<750 µg/g in root]. Studies were conducted as hydroponic experiments with the addition of copper sulphate. Root


memo:
Punshon et al. 1995: Cu [<250 µg/g in root].
Punshon and Dickinson 1997, single element tests: Cu [>300 µg/g in root; Cd [>50 µg/g in roots and leaves]; Zn [about 200 µg/g in roots and stem].
Punshon and Dickinson 1997, paired element test: Cu [about 600 µg/g in roots]; Cd [<200 µg/g in roots and leaves]; Zn [about 500 µg/g in leaves]. Studies were conducted as hydroponic experiments with the addition of copper sulphate. Punshon and Dickinson (1997) conducted single element accumulation in nutrient solution culture using single and paired element tests. Root


memo:
Punshon et al. 1995: Cu [>500 µg/g in root]. Studies were conducted as hydroponic experiments with the addition of copper sulphate. Root


memo:
Punshon et al. 1995: Cu [<250 µg/g in root]. Studies were conducted as hydroponic experiments with the addition of copper sulphate. Root


memo:
Vergnano Gambi 1992: Ni [522 µg/g; leaves; 446 µg/g; stems]. Leaf, stem


memo:
Punshon et al. 1995: Cu [>250 µg/g in root]. Studies were conducted as hydroponic experiments with the addition of copper sulphate. Root


memo:
Punshon et al. 1995: Cu [830 µg/g in root].
Felix 1997, shoot: Cd [22.2 µg/g]
Punshon and Dickinson 1997, single element tests: Cu [about 400 µg/g in roots]; Cd [>50 µg/g in roots and about 100 µg/g in leaves]; Zn [>400 µg/g in roots and >300 µg/g in leaves].
Punshon and Dickinson 1997, paired element test: Cu [>700 µg/g in roots]; Cd [about 100 µg/g in roots and leaves]; Zn [about 500 µg/g in roots and >200 µg/g in leaves]. Studies were conducted as hydroponic experiments with the addition of copper sulphate. Punshon and Dickinson (1997) conducted single element accumulation in nutrient solution culture using single and paired element tests. Root, shoot


memo:
Punshon and Dickinson (1997), single element tests: Cu [about 400 µg/g in roots]; Cd [<100 µg/g in roots and leaves]; Zn [>100 µg/g in roots and >600 in leaves]. Punshon and Dickinson (1997), paired element test: Cu [>500 µg/g in roots]; Cd [>200 µg/g in roots; Zn [>100 µg/g in roots and leaves]. Punshon and Dickinson (1997) conducted single element accumulation in nutrient solution culture using single and paired element tests. Root; leaf


memo:
Punshon and Dickinson 1997, single element tests: Cu [>200 µg/g in root]; Cd [<100 µg/g in roots and >100 in leaves]; Zn [>100 µg/g in roots and leaves].
Punshon and Dickinson 1997, paired element test: Cu [>600 µg/g in roots]; Cd [>100 µg/g in roots and leaves]; Zn [about 200 µg/g in roots and leaves]. Punshon and Dickinson (1997) conducted single element accumulation in nutrient solution culture using single and paired element tests.


memo:
Punshon et al. 1995: Cu [>500 µg/g in root]


memo:
Punshon et al. 1995: Cu [<500 µg/g in root]. Studies were conducted as hydroponic experiments with the addition of copper sulphate. Root


memo:
Sen and Bhattacharyya 1994: Ni [3.33 mg/g fresh wt. of whole plant].
Sen and Mondal 1987: Hg [0.3 mg/g fresh wt.].
Sen and Mondal 1990: Cu [max 5.0 mg/g fresh wt.].
Hutchinson and Czyrska 1975: Cd [6400 µg/g (plants dead)]; ELEMENT FORM: Cu(II). GENERAL COMMENTS: Mercury accumulation occurred mainly in roots at lower concentrations of the medium and in shoots at higher concentrations (Sen and Mondal 1987). Studies by Hutchinson and Czyrska (1975) consisted of nutrient media studies with single elements or two elements at a time; studies also included single species tests and tests of accumulation when both Salvinia natans and Lemna valdiviana were cultured together. Maximum values are recorded in the database. STORAGE ORGAN: Whole plant


memo:
Srivastav et al. 1994: Cr [max 6417 µg/g]; Ni [max 6295 µg/g].
Srivastav et al. 1993: Pb [max 6872 µg/g]; Zn [max 6745 µg/g]


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [1000 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [581 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [137-431 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [1600-2940 µg/g; in specimen of S. clusifolia]
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [343-4660 µg/g; in specimen of S. maculata]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [4-4890 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1996: Ni [343-4660 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Vergnano Gambi and Gabbrielli 1981: Ni [2970 µg/g]


memo:
Vergnano Gambi and Gabbrielli 1981: Ni [3840 µg/g]


memo:
Gupta et al. 1994: Cu [2030 µg/g in root; 1369 µg/g in shoot]; Cr [739 µg/g in root; 163 µg/g in shoot].
Chandra et al 1997.: Cr [max 515 µg/g in young plants in tannery effluent and max 460 µg/g in roots using tannery sludge].
Aulio 1986: Cu [6.1 µg/g in shoot]; Zn [27.2 µg/g in shoot]; Mn [1355 µg/g in shoot]. Studies by Chandra et al. 1997 included growth of plants in 100% tannery effluent and in tannery sludge. he study by Aulio (1986) included 15 aquatics in the Kokemänjoki R. estuary  in western Finland. See also study by Mungur et al. (1997) on a laboratory scale wetland. Root; shoot; whole plant and root (Chandra et al. 1997)


memo:
Konstantinou and Babalonas 1996: Cu [205 µg/g; shoot]. Shoot


memo:
Jaffré et al. 1976 & Jaffré 1980: Ni [17750 µg/g]. Shoot


memo:
Dushenkov et al. 1995: Pb [104 mg/g; root].
Grauer and Horst 1990: Al [max >2 mg/g; root]. Detailed fact sheet based on Duke 1983 is available at: http:www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/secale_cereale. Root (Pb); Al


memo:
Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94: Ni [7000-70000 µg/g; leaf].
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [hyperaccumulation shown with indicator paper; leaf].
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [5640-6459 µg/g]. Qualitative color reactions were used for establishing relative concentrations using Waltham N-testing indicator papers (Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94). Leaf


memo:
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [hyperaccumulation shown with indicator paper; leaf].
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [11000 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Mesjasz-Przybylowicz et al. 1994: Ni [17170 µg/g; leaf ; 2340 µg/g; petiole ; 3820 µg/g; stem ; 182 µg/g; root]; Cu [1410 µg/g; epidermis]; Mn [300 µg/g; epidermis]. Przybylowicz et al. 1995: Zn [11900 µg/g in fruit]. Ni  is present everywhere within stem tissues in hyperaccumulating genotypes but especially in the epidermis, cortex and phloem (Mesjasz-Przybylowicz et al. 1997). In non-accumulating plants, Ni is concentrated in the phloem. Shoot and fruit (Ni)


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [5596 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94: Ni [7000-70000 µg/g; leaf].
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [hyperaccumulation shown with indicator paper; leaf].
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [3640-10640 µg/g]. Qualitative color reactions were used for establishing relative concentrations using Waltham N-testing indicator papers (Bordács and Borhidi 1993-94). Leaf


memo:
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [accumulator; shown with indicator paper; leaf].
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [1506 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Morrey et al. 1992: Ni [24000 µg/g; leaf]. Leaf


var:
(aff. S. lydenburgensis Hutch. & Burtt Davy)

memo:
Morrey et al. 1992: Ni [conc. not given but species indicated to be a hyperaccumulator; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Borhidi et al. 1992: Ni [hyperaccumulation shown with indicator paper; leaf].
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [2300-2723 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [1892 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Proctor 1992b: Ni [1000 µg/g; leaf; Sabah].
Boyd and Martens 1992: Ni [mean value 650 µg/g, leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Proctor 1992a: Ni [113-240 µg/g, shoot]. Shoot


memo:
Dinelli and Lombini 1994: Cu [232-482 µg/g (leaf); 55-146 µg/g (root)]. Root; leaf


memo:
Duvigneaud and Denaeyer de Smet 1963: Cu [1660 µg/g]


memo:
Westerberg 1994: [nickel tolerant]. Westerbergh and Rune (1996) discuss Ni tolerance and its genetic basis. Also see Westerbergh (1994)  where studies indicate that serpentine and non-serpentine plants do not differ in nickel tolerance.


memo:
Mattioni et al. 1997: Ni [>500 µg/g; shoot and >1000 µg/g; root]; Cd [ >1000 µg/g; shoot and >1500 µg/g; root]. Both populations from serpentine and non-serpentine soils had high levels of Ni and Cd with the serpentine population always with higher levels of the two elements. Cd2+ stimulates greater production of malic acid, glutamate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase more than in the non-serpentine population. Nickel concentration in the shoots varies only slightly and is always less than that found in the roots (Gabbrielli et al. 1990). Silene italica is considered an excluder species (Gabbrielli et al. 1990). Shoot; root


memo:
Baker and Walker 1990: Zn [>2000 µg/g; roots and >500 µg/g shoots]


memo:
Vergnano Gambi 1992: Ni [223 µg/g].
Ernst et al.1990: Ni [1400 µg/g; leaf].
Verkleij and Prast 1989: Cd [> 15000 µg/g in root of Plombières population and >2000 µg/g in shoot of Brochterbeck population]; Zn [3138 µg/g in roots of Plombières pop and 667 µg/g in shoots of Brochterbeck pop]; Cu [235 µg/g in roots of Plombières pop and 45.7 µg/g in shoots of Imsbach pop]; Mn [725 µg/g in roots of Imsbach pop and 286 µg/g in shoots of Imsbach pop].
Harmens et al. 1989 in Verkleij et al. 1991: Zn [> 5000 µg/g in roots and > 1300 µg/g in shoots].
Ernst 1975: Zn [>2500 µg/g]>. NOTES The Ni concentration of 1400 µg/g was reported in Boyd and Martens (1992) from work on caterpillar feeding  by Ernst et al. (1990). See Schat and Vooijs (1997) for an analysis of multiple tolerance and co-tolerance. STORAGE ORGAN: Leaf, root, shoot


memo:
Macek et al. 1994: Cd [96.5-24455 µg/g; roots]. Root


memo:
Huang et al. 1997a: Pb [>1000 µg/g; in shoot with use of chelate (HEDTA)]. CHELATES: Pb (chelate treatments (0 or 0.5 g/kg) used by Huang et al. (1997): DTPA (free acid; EDDHA (free acid); EDTA (trisodium salt); EGTA (free acid); HEDTA (trisodium salt). NOTES: Pb (chelates used and effectiveness: EDTA>HEDTA>DTPA>EGTA>EDDHA; see Huang  et al.1997a). STORAGE ORGAN: Shoot; root


memo:
Xiong 1997: Pb [65.67 mg/kg in leaf; 149.82 in stem and 1113.24 in root (mean value at maximum lead treatment)]. Study is based on seedlings grown in pots with lead acetate added at four concentrations (Xiong 1997). Leaf, stem, root


memo:
Malaisse and Grégoire 1978: Co [1767 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1987: Co [1742 µg/g].  Leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1987: Co [1742 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1987: Co [2476 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Dushenkov et al. 1995: Pb [88 mg/g; root].
Kumar et al. 1995 Pb [0.3 mg/g (shoot); 8.2 mg/g (root)].
Taylor et al. 1993 : Al [108.1 µg/g in shoot]; Mn [134.1 µg/g in shoot]; Zn [36.6 µg/g in shoot]; Cu [28.3 µg/g in shoot]. Detailed fact sheet based on Duke 1983 is available at: http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/sorghum_bicolor. Root; shoot


memo:
Aulio 1986: Cu [13.5 µg/g in shoot]; Zn [151.0 µg/g in shoot]; Mn [3456 µg/g in shoot]. The study by Aulio (1986) included 15 aquatics in the Kokemänjoki R. estuary  in western Finland. Shoot


memo:
Franzin and McFarlane 1980 in St-Cyr et al. 1997: Zn [1460 µg/g in shoot]; Cu [63 µg/g in shoot]; Cd [5.0 µg/g in shoot]; As [25.0 µg/g in shoot]; Pb [27.0 µg/g in shoot]. 
Dushenvov et al. 1995: As [28 µg/g in shoots and 133 µg/g in roots]. The reported data from the Flin Flon area is from contaminated lakes in the vicinity of a base metal smelter. Only leaves and stems of submerged plants were analyzed. Study from Yellowknife  is in lakes with high levels of arsenic in sediments (to 18650 µg/g). Shoot; roos and shoot for As


memo:
Wang et al. 1998, (pers. comm.): Pb [918 µg/g in roots; 98 µg/g in shoots]. Results for Wang et al. (1998) were received as pers. comm. and are based on hydroponic studies. Root; shoot


memo:
Wang et al. 1998 (pers. comm.): Pb [526 µg/g in roots; 88 µg/g in shoots]. Results for Wang et al. (1998) were received as pers. comm. and are based on hydroponic studies. Root; shoot


memo:
Wang et al. 1998 (pers. comm.): Pb [517 µg/g in roots; 67 µg/g in shoots]. Results for Wang et al. (1998) were received as pers. comm. and are based on hydroponic studies. Root; shoot


memo:
Bech et al. 1997: As [1175 µg/g]; Zn [92 µg/g]; Cu [334 µg/g]; Mn [68 µg/g]; Al [1036 µg/g]. Results are of plants analyzed from a copper mine in northern Peru. Shoot


memo:
Dushenkov et al. 1995: Pb [95 mg/g; root].
Azadpour and Matthews 1996: Cd [490.5 ppm; roots and 239.3 ppm leaf]


memo:
Srivastava and Jaiswal 1989 (Sp(sub20)): Cd [max 483 µg/g].
Srivastav et al. 1994: Cr [max 5714 µg/g]; Ni [max 4496 µg/g].
Srivastav et al. 1993: Pb [max 7028 µg/g]; Zn [max 7029 µg/g].
Vajpayee et al. 1995: Cr [165.6 µg/g whole plant].
Rai et al. 1995: Cr [396 µg/g]; Pb [about 1865 µg/g]. NOTES: Values from Rai et al. 1995 have been converted to µg/g dry weight. See Culley and Epps (1973) for use of duckweed for waste treatment and animal feed. Also see Oron et al. (1986) for wastewater treatment and renovation by different duckweed species. STORAGE ORGAN: Whole plant


memo:
Wang et al. 1998 (pers. comm.): Pb [740 µg/g in roots; 742 µg/g in shoots]. Results for Wang et al. (1998) were received as pers. comm. and are based on hydroponic studies. Root; shoot


memo:
Morrey et al. 1989: Ni [378 µg/g; leaf - 197 µg/g; root]; Cr [82 µg/g; leaf - 334 µg/g; root]. Leaf; root


memo:
Batianoff et al. 1990: Ni [9000-22000 µg/g; leaf; high levels also found in flowers and shoot material in general].
Batianoff and Specht 1992: Ni [41300 µg/g; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Bech et al. 1997: As [589 µg/g]; Zn [239 µg/g]; Cu [275 µg/g]; Mn [400 µg/g]; Al [326 µg/g]. Results are of plants analyzed from a copper mine in northern Peru. Shoot


memo:
Reeves et al. 1981: Ni [14800 µg/g].
Boyd and Martens 1992: Ni [1100-16400 µg/g; leaf]. Studies by Boyd (1996) indicate relative tolerance to Ni; Mn; Pb. Sensitivity was shown to Zn; Cu; Co. Leaf


memo:
Lan et al. 1998: Pb [ 503 mg/kg in shoot and 1058 mg/kg in root]; Zn [782 mg/kg in shoot and 2977 mg/kg in root]; Cu[ 20.3 mg/kg in shoot and 101.9 mg/kg in root]; Cd[27.3 mg/kg in shoot and 40.6 mg/kg in root]. Study by Lan et al. 1998 was based on growing plants in pots containing river sediment and refuse added to mine tailings high in Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd. Maximum values are reported here representing averages of 4 replicates. Shoot and root


memo:
Morrey et al. 1992: Ni [388 µg/g; leaf - 195 µg/g; stem - 187 µg/g; root]; Cr [248 µg/g; leaf - 10 µg/g ; stem - 60 µg/g; root]. Leaf; stem; root


memo:
Reeves and Brooks 1983b: Ni [4000 µg/g].
Vergnano Gambi 1992: Ni [4510 µg/g].
Shimwell and Laurie 1972: Zn [1200-25000 µg/g; 7 plants]; Pb [100-2740 µg/g; 7 plants].
Huang et al. 1997a: Pb [2740 µg/g in shoot].
Ernst 1975: Zn [>10000 µg/g]; Pb [>1500 µg/g]; Cd [>500 µg/g]; Cu [>75 µg/g]. Reeves and Brooks 1983b and  Denaeyer-De Smet and Duvigneaud 1974:  Zn [51600 µg/g].
Brown et al. 1994: Zn [max 52000 µg/g; shoot]; Cd [max 1740 µg/g]
Brown et al. 1995a: max. Zn [32500 µg/g (shoot); max. Cd [1270 µg/g (shoot)].
Brown et al. 1995b: Zn [2000-4000 µg/g].
Baker et al. 1994 (seedlings): Zn [max.>25000 µg/g]; Al-Cd-Co-Cu-Fe-Mn-Mo-Ni-Pb [1500-8000 µg/g]; Ag-Cr [200-600 µg/g]; Pb [max 28900 µg/g].
Huang and Cunningham 1996: Pb [26200 mg/kg in roots in 20 µM solution of Pb].
Shen et al. 1997: Zn [28000 µg/g in shoot].
Felix 1997, shoot: Cd [6.6 µg/g]; Zn [2545 µg/g]
Baker and Brooks 1989
Denaeyer-DeSmet and Duvigneaud 1974
Vergnano Gambi 1992: Ni [4510 µg/g].
Shimwell and Laurie 1972: Zn [1200-25000 µg/g; 7 plants]; Pb [100-2740 µg/g; 7 plants].
Huang et al. 1997a: Pb [2740 µg/g in shoot].
Ernst 1975: Zn [>10000 µg/g]; Pb [>1500 µg/g]; Cd [>500 µg/g]; Cu [>75 µg/g]. NOTES: This species has the ability to hyperaccumulate Zn when grown on noncontaminated and slightly contaminated soils (Brown et al. 1995b). Zn, Cd, Co, Mn and Ni were readily transported to the shoot but Al, Cr, Fe and Pb were mainly immobilized in the roots (Baker et al 1994). Cd accumulates mainly in the apoplast and Zn is found primarily in vacuoles but also in cell walls (Vázquez et al. 1992). Field trials in St. Paul, Minnesota, has shown that this species can accumulate as much as 30,000 µg/g in its leaves (Comis 1996). Tolerance to heavy metals is also treated by Meerts and Van Isacker (1997). See also Knight et al. (1997) for Zn and Cd uptake. See also McGrath et al. (1993).  Tolrà et al. (1996) deal with Zn and its influence on growth and mineral nutrition. See Küpper et al. (1999) for cellular compartmentation of Zn. STORAGE ORGEN: Leaf (Pb, Zn)); Cu and Cd (leaf); Shoot


memo:
Dushenkov et al. 1995: Pb [75 mg/g; root].
Huang et al. 1997a: Pb [>3000 µg/g in shoot with addition of chelate (EDTA)].
Kumar et al. 1995: Pb [0.2 mg/g (shoot); 14.7 mg/g (root)].
Weissenhorn and Leyval 1995: Cd [max >700µg/g; root and >100 µg/g shoot].
Huang and Cunningham 1996: Pb [4900 mg/kg; in root without HEDTA and  560 mg/kg in shoot; 10600 mg/kg in shoot with HEDTA].
Yang et al. 1997: Ni [>100 µg/g in shoot; about 7000 µg/g in root].
Lu and Kirkham 1991: Cd [3500 µg/g in roots, 320 µg/g in shoots]; Cu [3400 µg/g in roots, 100 µg/g in shoots]; Zn [7500 µg/g in roots, 2500 µg/g in shoots]. NOTES: Detailed fact sheet based on Duke (1983) is available at: http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/sorghum_bicolor (Jan. 1998). Lead translocation from root to shoot increased 120-fold with addition of EDTA (Huang 1997).Pb (chelates used and effectiveness: EDTA>HEDTA>DTPA>EGTA>EDDHA; see Huang  et al.1997). Weissenhorn and Leyval 1995 infected corn with two strains of the  arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae. See also field and pot studies bu Huang et al. 1997b for lower levels of accumulation of lead. Nutrient solution studies were conducted by Yang et al. 1997. See also Yang et al. (1996) for Ni accumulation.lso, see Felix (1997) for low accumulation of Cd. Only the maximum accumulation for Cd, Cu and Zn for the drought sensitive genotype are given for the study by Lu and Kirkham (1991); the drought resistant genotypes consistently accumulated lower levels of these elements. STORAGE ORGANS: Root; shoot


memo:
Lyngby et al. 1982: Zn [115.2 µg/g in shoot; 698 µg/g in roots; 208 µg/g in rhizome]. Lyngby et al. (1982) conducted translocation experiments for zinc; the shoot value for zinc content is that of plant shoots from the native habitat. Root; rhizome; shoot


memo:
Dushenkov et al. 1995: Pb [56 mg/g; root]. At Ottawa the cultivar 'Emerald' (Z. japonica x Z. tenuifolia) is moderately hardy (Dore and McNeill 1980). Root


memo:
Lan et al. 1990 (whole plant): Pb [>300 mg/kg]; Zn [>200 mg/kg].
Johns 1987: As [26-88 µg/g in roots, 3.8-61 in rhizomes and 0.2-2.8 in leaves]. Dushenkov et al. 1995: As [17.2 µg/g mean in shoot and 232 µg/g mean in roots].
Aulio 1986: Cu 6.8 µg/g in shoot]; Zn [49.5 µg/g in shoot]; Mn [951 µg/g in shoot].
Ye et al. 1997b: natural pop. root levels (Zn [46-946 µg/g], Pb [25-3628 µg/g], Cd [1.0-17 µg/g]).
Ye et al 1997b: root values from pot trials (Zn [12536 µg/g]; Pb [1735 µg/g]; Cd [760 µg/g]).
Taylor and Crowder 1983: Cu [127 µg/g in shoots; 2364 µg/g in roots]; Ni [467 µg/g in shoots; 1024 µg/g in roots]
St.-Cyr et al. 1997. NOTES: Data from Johns 1987 are from sites receiving contaminants from mining, smelting and copper-bearing ores. The Yellowknife study is in an area of lakes with high levels of arsenic in the sediments (to 18650 µg/g). he study by Aulio (1986) included 15 aquatics in the Kokemänjoki R. estuary  in western Finland.  Ye et al 1997b provided levels from both natural populations and from roots of seedlings grown in various media. The Taylor and Crowder  (1983) study was based on using plants grown in nutrient solutions. See also study by Mungur et al. (1997) on a laboratory scale wetland. See also Ellis et al. (1994) for natural levels and dosing tests  of plants from London. STORAGE ORGAN: Root; shoot


memo:
Franzin and McFarlane 1980: Zn [1330 µg/g in shoot]; Cu [36 µg/g in shoot]; Cd [14 µg/g in shoot]; As [20 µg/g in shoot]; Pb [17 µg/g in shoot]; Mn 1050 µg/g in shoot]. The reported data from the Flin Flon area is from contaminated lakes in the vicinity of a base metal smelter. Only leaves and stems of submerged plants were analyzed. Shoot


memo:
Malaisse and Grégoire 1978: Cu [3000 µg/g].


memo:
Taylor et al. 1992: Mn [ 409 µg/g in shoot]; Pb [95.9 µg/g in shoot]; Al [117 µg/g in shoot]. Highest mean value of several metals accumulated when grown on three different mine spoils are recorded in the database (Taylor et al. 1992). Shoot


memo:
Linstow 1924: Zn [10000 µg/g]. Leaf (Zn)


memo:
Proctor 1992a: Ni [319 µg/g; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Pérez et al. 1993: Al [215 µg/g in leaves]. Leaf


memo:
Pérez et al. 1993: Al [11600 µg/g in leaves]. Leaf


memo:
Pérez et al. 1993: Al [22400 µg/g in leaves]. Leaf


memo:
Kruckeberg and Wu 1992: Cu [about 155-3075 µg/g in roots and 20-56 µg/g in leaves]. Root


memo:
Baker et al. 1992: Ni [2360-7090 µg/g; leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1987: Co [1520 µg/g]
Morrey et al. 1989: Ni [ 367 µg/g; leaf - 345 µg/g; root]: Ni [ 367 µg/g; leaf - 345 µg/g; root]. Leaf, root


memo:
Brooks et al. 1987: Ni [1930 µg/g].
Yang et al. 1985: Ni [max 1688 (mean 1510) µg/g; shoot]


memo:
Jaffré et al. 1979b: Ni [1630 µg/g].
Yang et al. 1985: Ni [max 1114 µg/g; shoot]. Shoot


memo:
Jaffré et al. 1979b: Ni [1780 µg/g].
Yang et al. 1985: Ni [max 1317 µg/g; shoot]. Shoot


memo:
Jaffré et al. 1979b: Ni [1900 µg/g].
Yang et al. 1985: Ni [max 1265 µg/g; shoot]. Shoot


memo:
Jaffré et al. 1979b: Ni [1140 µg/g].
Yang et al. 1985: Ni [max 1281 µg/g; shoot]. Shoot


memo:
Yang et al. 1985: Ni [max 461 µg/g; shoot]. Shoot


memo:
Jaffré et al. 1979b: Ni [1130 µg/g].
Yang et al. 1985: Ni [max 757 µg/g; shoot]. Shoot


memo:
Jaffré 1980: Ni [1000 µg/g].
Yang et al. 1985: Ni [max 1217 µg/g; shoot]. Shoot


memo:
Jaffré et al. 1979b: Ni [1280 µg/g].
Yang et al. 1985: Ni [max 695 µg/g; shoot]. Shoot


memo:
Jaffré et al. 1979b: Ni [1490 µg/g].
Yang et al. 1985: Ni [max 530 µg/g; shoot]. Shoot


memo:
Jaffré et al. 1979b: Ni [1600 µg/g].
Yang et al. 1985: Ni [max 1876 µg/g; shoot]. Shoot


memo:
Jaffré et al. 1979b: Ni [3750 µg/g].
Yang et al. 1985: Ni [max 2377 µg/g; shoot]. Shoot


memo:
Huang and Cunningham 1996: Pb [5330 mg/kg; roots].
Scott et al. 1998: Mn [1961 µg/g in leaves; 3202 µg/g in roots of tolerant cultivars]. 
Taylor et al. 1993 : Al [670.5 µg/g in shoot]; Mn [416.3 µg/g in shoot]; Zn [30.0 µg/g in shoot]; Pb [226.5 µg/g in shoot];  Cu [53.8 µg/g in shoot].
Haghiri 1973: Cd [20 µg/g in shoot]. Maximum root growth (of 'Norquay') evident at 100 µM Mn which was toxic to cv. 'Columbus'.  'Atlas 66' is tolerant to Al but sensitive to Mn; 'Monon' is tolerant of Mn but sensitive to Al (Foy et al. 1973). See also Sharma and Habib (1995) for differential bioaccumulation of Mg, Pb, Cr and Zn. Leaves, roots


memo:
Reeves and Brooks 1983b: Ni [2000 µg/g].


memo:
Dushenkov et al. 1995: As [40 µg/g in shoots and 470 µg/g in roots]. Plants were analyzed from lakes contaminated with mine tailings with arsenic in sediments as high as 18650 µg/g. Root; shoot


memo:
Kruckeberg and Wu 1992: Cu [about 216-959 µg/g in roots and 39-130 µg/g in shoot]. Root


memo:
Yang et al. 1996: Ni [>400 µg/g in shoot; >1500 µg/g in root]. Yang et al. (1996) tested Ni accumulation in nutrient cultures; maximum values attained are recorded in the database. Root; shoot


memo:
Brooks et al. 1992: Ni [max 1190 µg/g; leaf]. Three unidentified species of this genus were sampled and tested: TMEX 661; TMES 547; TMEX 688. See also earlier publication on this Brazilian expedition (Brooks et al. 1990). Leaf


memo:
Brooks et al. 1992: Ni [6130 µg/g; leaf]. See also earlier publication on this Brazilian expedition (Brooks et al. 1990). Leaf


memo:
van der Merwe et al. 1989: Mn [max 3666 µg/g; entire plant]; Zn [ max 519.5 µg/g; whole plant]. Whole plant


memo:
Debusk et al. 1996.: Pb [max 1200 µg/g; root]; Cd [max 600 µg/g; root]. Cattails are commonly recognized as important wetland plants that function to filter and purify contaminated water. In the study by Debusk et al (1996), it was shown that roots accumulated the most Pb and Cd followed by rhizomes and shoots; shoots, however, had relatively low levels of Pb and Cd. Root (mainly) but also rhizomes and shoot


memo:
Sinha et al. 1994: Cu [max11056 µg/g in root; 9500 µg/g in leaf; 757 µg/g in rhizome]. Sinha et al. 1994: Cd [max 6242 µg/g in root; 3814 µg/g in leaf; 1104 µg/g in rhizome]. Rai et al. 1995: Cr [ >312 µg/g]; Pb [<1658 µg/g].
Gupta and Chandra 1994: Pb [max about 0.8 µmol/g (165.8 µg/g); leaf and > 2.5 µmole/g dry wt; root].
Gupta et al. 1998: Hg [9.6 µg/g (0.048 µmol/g in leaves and 13.4 µg/g in roots]. Values for Rai et al. 1995 have been converted to µg/g dw. Root; leaf; rhizome


memo:
Brooks et al. 1987 & De Plaen et al. 1982: Cu [1555 µg/g].


memo:
Mench et al. 1997: Pb [356 µg/g in shoot].Sample was analyzed from garden near a lead tetra-ethyl facility (Mench et al. 1997). Shoot


memo:
Simon et al. 1996: Cd [21.6-406.7 µg/g in shoot; 21-1356 µg/g root/rhizome].
Mench et al. 1997: Pb [114 µg/g]. Uptake of Cd is in nutrient solution culture applied as 3CdSO4.8H2O. Root; shoot


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [5341-13610 µg/g].Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [7480-9014 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [3276 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [3382 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves et al. 1999: Ni [2504-2674 µg/g]. Analysis for heavy metal was done on fragments of herbarium specimens (Reeves et al. 1999). Leaf


memo:
Reeves and Brooks 1983b: Ni  4100 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves and Brooks1983b: Zn [11000 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves 1988: Ni [42-5120 µg/g in leaf]; Zn [40-484 µg/g in leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves 1988: Ni [292 µg/g in leaf]; Zn [850 µg/g in leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves 1988: Ni [8800-20800 µg/g in leaf]; Zn [42-118 µg/g in leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves and Brooks1983b: Ni [3000 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves and Brooks1983b: Ni [12000 µg/g].
Proctor and Nagy 1992: Co [1790 µg/g].
Krämer et al. 1997: Ni [816-6646 µg/g in shoot; 352-1967 µg/g in roots]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves and Brooks1983b: Ni [12000 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves 1988: Ni [2440 µg/g in leaf]; Zn [245 µg/g in leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves 1988: Ni [26900 µg/g in leaf]; Zn [98 µg/g in leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves 1988: Ni [24 µg/g in leaf]; Zn [3520 µg/g in leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves 1988: Ni [<4-31 µg/g in leaf]; Zn [51-3890 µg/g in leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves 1988: Ni [33-68 µg/g in leaf]; Zn [378-604 µg/g in leaf]. Leaf


var:
var. californicum (S. Watson) P. Holmgren

memo:
Reeves et al. 1983b: Ni [7940 µg/g]
Reeves 1988: Ni [3850-11600 µg/g in leaf]; Zn [1360 µg/g in leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves 1988: Ni [3-58 µg/g in leaf]; Zn [181-4270 µg/g in leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves 1988: Ni [2-99 µg/g in leaf]; Zn [160-1150 µg/g in leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves 1988: Ni [36-330 µg/g in leaf]; Zn [58-263 µg/g in leaf]
Boyd and Martens 1994: Ni [mean 3000 µg/g; shoot].
Reeves 1988:  Ni [11-17100 µg/g in leaf]; Zn [26-3000 µg/g in leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves 1988: Ni [11-186 µg/g in leaf]; Zn [768-3090 µg/g in leaf]. Boyd and Martens (1994) concluded from their work raising Pieris rapae larvae on test plants of this species that the high Ni content of leaves serves as a defense mechanism against folivores. Their test plants accumulated a mean value of 3000 µg/g in the shoot. Shoot


memo:
Ni [11-186 µg/g in leaf]; Zn [768-3090 µg/g in leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves and Brooks 1983b: Ni [1000 µg/g]. Leaf; root


memo:
Reeves 1988: Ni [3080-35600 µg/g in leaf]; Zn [12-320 µg/g in leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves 1988: Ni [114-287 µg/g in leaf]; Zn [15-39 µg/g in leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves and Brooks 1983b: Zn [21000 µg/g]
Reeves 1988: Ni [<7-234 µg/g in leaf]; Zn [20-920 µg/g in leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves 1988: Ni [3550-5200 µg/g in leaf]; Zn [14-25 µg/g in leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves 1988: Ni [15-175 µg/g in leaf]; Zn [12-94 µg/g in leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves 1988: Ni [<2-125 µg/g in leaf]; Zn [7-1110 µg/g in leaf]. Leaf


memo:
eeves and Brooks 1983b: Zn [16000 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves and Brooks 1983b: Zn [27000 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves 1988: Ni [75-966 µg/g in leaf]; Zn [291-1680 µg/g in leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Reeves 1988: Ni [<13 µg/g in leaf]; Zn [500 µg/g in leaf]. Leaf


memo:
Azadpour and Matthews 1996: Pb [< 1000 µg/g; leaf]
Ernst 1975: Zn [>1500 µg/g]; Pb [>500 µg/g]; Cd [>30 µg/g]; Cu [>25 µg/g]. Azadpour and Matthews 1996: Pb [< 1000 µg/g; leaf]
Ernst 1975: Zn [>1500 µg/g]; Pb [>500 µg/g]; Cd [>30 µg/g]; Cu [>25 µg/g]. Leaf


memo:
Greenhouse experiment comparing two plant species and effect of diesel on nodulation of  V. sativa. Studied effect of altered C:N ration on growth and nitrogen fixation.


memo:
sudangrass, St. Augustine grass, and a soybean/annual ryegrass rotation were grown in a replicated field test of crude oil contaminated agricultural field on the Gulf coast of Texas.  TPH in all vegetated plots decreased more than an unvegetated control.


memo:
Field test of 0.2 hectare of diesel contaminated soil tested fertilized tall fescue, white clover, and burmudagrass with an unvegetated/fertilized control.  After 24 months, white clover showed highest percentage degradation of TPH.  All vegetation treatments showed higher degradation than barren control.


memo:
Greenhouse study of 4 S. bicolor genotypes in soil with initial crude oil contamination of 2700 mg/kg soil.  Vegetation enhanced TPH degradation compared to unvegetated control.  Growth of genotypes varied in presence of crude oil.


memo:
Greenhouse study compared growth of industrial hemp at different concentration os chrysene and benzo[a]phyrene.  Plants showed high tolerance.  Microbial counts were monitored.  PAHs decreased more in planted pots than unplanted controls.


memo:
Greenhouse study monitoring phenology, microbial activity, residual hydrocarbons of Cyperus laxus grown in 5000 mg/kg TPH for 180 days.   Treatments compared rhizosphere microbe inoculated and uninnoculated treatments.  Growth was greater in inoculated treatments.


memo:
Hydroponic system with alfalfa growing in 50 mg/L phenanthrene resulted in greater dissipation of phenanthrene with plants compared to without plants.


memo:
Hydroponic study, pilot field test and field application of 300 P. nigra grown to manage a shallow BTEX contaminated groundwater plum.  Regulatory and management issues are discussed.


memo:
Laboratory study that is connected to a field trial.  From a starting TPH concentration of 3.6 mg/L, willow reduced to 0.26 mg/L and soil only reduced to 0.40 mg/L, a significant difference.


memo:
Pilot field test of creasote contaminated soil compared landfarming, bioaugmentation with PAH degrading bacteria, bioaugmentation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and planting with tall fescue.  Over 4-month period multiprocess treatment worked better than single process treatments.  The multi-process remediation system was twice that of land-farming, 50% more than bioremediation alone, and 45% more than phytoremediation


memo:
Field test with use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria accelerated plant growth in contaminated soils resulting in more effective remediation.
Field test with use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria accelerated plant growth in contaminated soils resulting in more effective remediation


memo:
Greenhouse study showed vegetation may have increased oxygen transport in water logged marine sediments resulting in  greater PAH removal with vegetation after 5 months.  Most PAHs removed were 2 and 3 ring parental and akylated PAHs.  Dissolved oxygen increased in water surrounding plant roots.


memo:
Summary of plant community study of soil polluted soil.  Asteraceae and Poaceae are noted to have species with more resistance to stress from oil pollution.  For phytoremediation crops such as Cynodon dactylon, Poa annua, Phragmites australis and Veronica arvensis are recommended.


memo:
Several laboratory studies with JP-8 contaminated soil showed plants help draw contaminated water in the subsurface to more aerobic near surface soil.


memo:
Greenhouse study with phenanthrene and pyrene spiked soil showed higher degradation with plants compared to without plants after 45 days.  Some bioaccumulation of PAHs was shown in roots and shoots with bioconcentration factors (BCF) generally less than 1%.  Root and shoot concentrations increase with increasing soil concentration of phenanthrene and pyrene although BCF declined with increased soil PAH concentration.


memo:
Llaboratory study with hydrocarbon contaminated groundwater from former oil production field in California.  Two hydrocarbon tolerant native species, a leguminous shrub and willow, were grown in glass containers with plants and soil or soil only and irrigated with diluent contaminated water.   Under these conditions, plants grew well but showed no advantage in hydrocarbon reduction when sampled after 24 and 105 days.


memo:
This study demonstrated the potential of Pragmites and alfalfa to stimulate degrader microbial activity in soil  which suggests their value for phytoremediation.


memo:
Growth chamber study where eight species from four seed mass classes were grown in crude oil contaminated and uncontaminated soil.  Larger seeded species were more hydrocarbon tolerant than smaller seeded species.  Species from larger seed classes had smaller reduction in relative growth rate on contaminated versus uncontaminated soil.   Seedling mass and relative growth rate were highly correlated.Largest seeded species showed low reduction in relative growth rate on contaminated vs uncontaminated soil.


memo:
Growth chamber study where eight species from four seed mass classes were grown in crude oil contaminated and uncontaminated soil.  Larger seeded species were more hydrocarbon tolerant than smaller seeded species.  Species from larger seed classes had smaller reduction in relative growth rate on contaminated versus uncontaminated soil.   Seedling mass and relative growth rate were highly correlated.  Seed from second largest class had higher seedling mass and less reduction in relative growth rate compared to smaller seeded species. Hydrocarbon tolerant


memo:
Growth chamber study where eight species from four seed mass classes were grown in crude oil contaminated and uncontaminated soil.  Larger seeded species were more hydrocarbon tolerant than smaller seeded species.  Species from larger seed classes had smaller reduction in relative growth rate on contaminated versus uncontaminated soil.   Seedling mass and relative growth rate were highly correlated.  Seed from second largest class had higher seedling mass and less reduction in relative growth rate compared to smaller seeded species.  Hydrocarbon tolerant


memo:
Growth chamber study where eight species from four seed mass classes were grown in crude oil contaminated and uncontaminated soil.  Larger seeded species were more hydrocarbon tolerant than smaller seeded species.  Species from larger seed classes had smaller reduction in relative growth rate on contaminated versus uncontaminated soil.   Seedling mass and relative growth rate were highly correlated.Lower seed mass showed hydrocarbon tolerance than larger seeded types.


memo:
Growth chamber study where eight species from four seed mass classes were grown in crude oil contaminated and uncontaminated soil.  Larger seeded species were more hydrocarbon tolerant than smaller seeded species.  Species from larger seed classes had smaller reduction in relative growth rate on contaminated versus uncontaminated soil.   Seedling mass and relative growth rate were highly correlated.  Lower seed mass showed hydrocarbon tolerance than larger seeded types.


memo:
Growth chamber study where eight species from four seed mass classes were grown in crude oil contaminated and uncontaminated soil.  Larger seeded species were more hydrocarbon tolerant than smaller seeded species.  Species from larger seed classes had smaller reduction in relative growth rate on contaminated versus uncontaminated soil.   Seedling mass and relative growth rate were highly correlated.


memo:
Growth chamber study where eight species from four seed mass classes were grown in crude oil contaminated and uncontaminated soil.  Larger seeded species were more hydrocarbon tolerant than smaller seeded species.  Species from larger seed classes had smaller reduction in relative growth rate on contaminated versus uncontaminated soil.   Seedling mass and relative growth rate were highly correlated.  Small seeded species with reduction of relative growth rate on contaminated versus uncontaminated soil of over 95%.  Not hydrocarbon tolerant.


memo:
Growth chamber study where eight species from four seed mass classes were grown in crude oil contaminated and uncontaminated soil.  Larger seeded species were more hydrocarbon tolerant than smaller seeded species.  Species from larger seed classes had smaller reduction in relative growth rate on contaminated versus uncontaminated soil.   Seedling mass and relative growth rate were highly correlated.Small seeded species with reduction of relative growth rate on contaminated versus uncontaminated soil of over 95%.  Not hydrocarbon tolerant.


memo:
Field study of vegetation cover at 14 sites in prairie ecozone of Saskatchewan, Canada.  Hydrocarbon contaminated and uncontaminated soils were compared at each location.   This is one of  the 7 species with the most coverage on hydrocarbon contaminated soils.  TPH contaminated soil varied from 43-496 µg/g.  Of 104 total species observed 18 species formed over 81% of cover at uncontaminated sites and 90% of cover on contaminated sites.


memo:
Field trial for three growing seasons using weathered petroleum contaminated soil with initial concentrations of  3000 mg TPH/kg soil.  Two mixtures of grasses/legumes and California native grasses were compared with an unvegetated control.  After 3 growing season TPH declined about 50%.  Bioavailability was tested using microbial assays, lettuce germination, and earthworm growth tests.  Species is hydrocarbon tolerant.


memo:
Greenhouse study with 2 grasses and 6 legumes from easter savannah of Venezuela where grown in 0%, 3%, and 5% heavy crude oil.  No effect on seedling emergence but variable reduction in biomass production u to 85%.  Nodulation was suppressed in some legumes.  One grass and two legumes including this (grass or legume) showed the most potential for phytoremediation potenatial and the least reduction of biomass.  They are also already cultivated as forages.


memo:
Greenhouse study evaluated ability of tall fescue and yellow sweetclover to enhance PAH degradation after landfarming.  Tall fescue produced more roots but sweetclover showed highest degradation of PAHs.  Degradation was higher in planted treatments compared to controls.  Induced root decay by glyphosate treatment did not further enhance PAH degradation.  This study demonstrates that phytoremediation may be an effective polishing technology for landfarming


memo:
Greenhouse study evaluated ability of tall fescue, annual ryegrass, and  yellow sweetclover to enhance PAH degradation after 12 weeks of composting.  Planted treatments were compared with two unvegetated controls, fertilized and unfertilized.  Vegetated treatments had higher PAH degradation than controls.  Tall fescue produced highest root and shoot biomass and showed the most PAH degradation.


memo:
Field study at northern  latitudes compared vegetation with and without amendments of fertilizer, compost, and microbes of  fate of diesel fuel in soil.  The legume mixture showed the highest dissipation of diesel components.  Pine and poplar were also better than control plots.  The grass mixture was not different than the unvegetated control.  No advantage of soil amendments was observed.


memo:
Greenhouse studies using PAH contaminated marine sediment from Pearl Harbor, Hawaii was planted with 20 plant species and compared to a  no plant control.  Sediments were washed to reduce salinity by several methods, diluted with different amounts of native soil, and plants were grown 12 weeks.  Many plant species had higher PAH dissipation than the no plant control.  Dwarf hau and vetiver showed the most enhancement of PAH decrease.


memo:
Greenhouse study  investigated a wheat-mungbean mixture with (VAM) mycorrhizal innoculents in PAH spiked soil aged for 5 weeks.  Plant growth was depressed in contaminated soil.  The system resulted in enhanced degradation compared to unplanted control.  VAM inoculants may have important role in enhancing plant growth in contaminated soil.


memo:
Laboratory study combined phytoremediation and soil/sand filtering to compare treatment  of creosote contaminated groundwater.  Adsorption from filtering removed creosote contaminants and vegetation with orchard grass enhanced the treatment process by increasing removal of phenolic compounds


memo:
Greenhouse study using aged PAH and PCB contaminated soil and six plant species to examine degradation of contaminanted compared to unvegetated soil.  The presence of vegetation enhance contaminant removal but differences among plant species were not visible.


memo:
Greenhouse studies of plant tolerance to salinity and diesel and of enhancement of TPH degradation by nine tropical species in Hawaii.  Species were first selected based on salinity tolerance (2% NaCl) and diesel tolerance (0.5% and 1%).  Seven species were tested for phytoremediation effect on diesel degradation under 1% NaCl.  Three tree species, kiawe, milo and kou exhibited significantly enhanced diesel degradation.  Milo and kou are fast growing species that are promising for phytoremediation.


memo:
Field test in a field and a fresh marsh polluted with Mexican crude oil evaluated ecotoxicity and phytoremediation effects for Cyperus elegans and Echinocloa crusgalli compared to unvegetated controls.  No differences in toxicity using Microtox bioassays were observed after 6 months of phytoremediaion, but a germination assay showed reduced toxicity with E. crusgalli compared to unvegetated soil.  Initial TPH was greater than 60,000 mg/kg with vegetation plots showing reductions of 28% for E. crusgalli and 69% for C. elegans after 6 months of plant growth.


memo:
Laboratory study using a trisector planter to expose three tropical species milo, kou, and false sandalwood to spiked diesel contamination in deep soil layers was sampled after 200 days.  Milo and kou showed enhanced diesel degradation and increased microbial populations in the rhizosphere.


memo:
A field trial assessed the impact of willow on dissipation of mineral oil and PAHs and accumulation of heavy metals in dredged sediments.  After 1.5 years mineral oil conc. Decreased by more than 50% higher than fallow plets.  Total PAH concentrations did not dissipate faster with vegetation.  Moderate and selective metal uptake suggested limited potential for phytoextraction of heavy metals.


memo:
Field study for seven years evaluated hybrid poplar for remediation of PAH contaminated soil and groundwater from a creosote contaminated site.   After third and fourth year decreases in lighter PAHs, naphthalene and three ring PAHs (acenaphylene and acenaphthene) were observed as roots reach the level of contamination.   Four-ring PAH concentrations did not decline.  Presence of DNAPL limited depth of  plant rooting.  In the last three years of the study PAH concentrations remained stable suggesting the presence of DNAPL may limit effectiveness of phytoremediation system.


memo:
Site- Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD
Media- GW, Soil
Species- Hybrid Poplar,  pophyb
Sweet Gum, liqsty, LIST1
Silver Maple, acesac, ACSA2
Magnolia, magnol, MAGNO
Contaminants:   Chorinated Solvents -- PCA, TCA, PCE, TCE, DCE, DCA, VC
Mechanism- Mixed: HC, PD
Project size: 1 acre
Scale- full scale
http://web.ead.anl.gov/jfield/phyto/index.cfm
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Amboer Road, OR 
Media- GW, Soil
Species- Hybrid Poplar, 
Sweet Gum, 
Silver Maple,
Magnolia
Contaminants:   PCE*, Degradation Products 
Mechanism- Mixed- PD, PE 
Project size: 5 acres 
Scale- pilot
http://www.rtdf.org/public/phyto/siteprof/usersearch/phyto_detail.cfm?TrackID=203
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;

ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Argonne National Laboratory: 317/319 Area, IL Argonne National Laboratory: 317/319 Area, IL 
1999 
GW, Soil
Eastern Gamagrass, tridac, TRDA3
Hybrid Poplar, pophyb
Golden Weeping Willow, sal, SALIX
Hybrid Prairie Cascade Willow,  salhyb, SALIX
Laurel-Leaved Willow, salpen, SAPE4, Salix pentandra L. **needs to be entered in species file**
Chlorinated Solvents*: PCE, TCE, Chloroform, Carbon Tetrachloride; Heavy Metals*: Arsenic, Lead, Zinc;  Tritium*
Mixed: HC, PD, PE, PS, RD
4 acres
full-scale
http://web.ead.anl.gov/phyto/


memo:
Site- Argonne National Laboratory: 317/319 Area, IL


memo:
Site- Ashland Inc., WI 
Planting Date: 2000
Media- GW, Soil
Species- Hybrid Poplar, pophyb
Contaminants:   Chlorinated Solvents*: DCA, PCE, TCE;  TPH*:  BTEX, Gasoline, DRO
Mechanism- HC, PE, RD
Project size: 0.4 acre
Scale- full-scale
http://www.ecolotree.com/apps2.html
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Bofors-Nobel Superfund Site, MI 
Planting Date: 1999
Media- GW, Soil
Species- Norway Maple,  acepla, ACPL,  Acer platanoides L.
Hackberry,  celtis, CELTI, Celtis L.
Honey Locust,  gletri, GLTR, Gleditsia triacanthos L.
Eastern Red Cedar, junvir, JUVI, Juniperus virginiana L.
Black Hills Spruce, picgla, PIGL, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss 
Jack Pine, pinban, PIBA, Pinus banksiana Lamb.
Hybrid Poplar, pophyb
Bur Oak, quemac, QUMA2, Quercus macrocarpa Michx.
White Willow, salalb, SAAL2
Contaminants:   Chlorinated Solvents*: 3,3-Dichlorobenzene, VC, PCE;  Aniline, Azobenzene, Benzidine; Toluene
Mechanism- PD, PE, RD 
Project size: 20 acre 
Scale- pilot
http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0502372
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Carswell Naval Air Station, TX 
Planting Date: 1996 2006 
Media- GW, Soil
Species- Eastern Cottonwood , popdel, PODE3
Contaminants:   Chlorinated Solvents: TCE, DCE 
Mechanism- Mixed: HC, PD, PV, RD 
Project size: 0.5 acre 
Scale- pilot
http://www.clu-in.org/PRODUCTS/NEWSLTRS/tnandt/view.cfm?issue=0903.cfm#4
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Combustion, Inc. Superfund, LA 
Planting Date: 2002
Media- GW 
Species- Eucalyptus, eucal, EUCAL, Eucalyptus L'Hér.
Poplar, pop, POPUL
Native Willows, sal, SALIX
Contaminants:   Chlorinated solvents*:  DCA;  PCB;  BTEX*:  Benzene, Toluene, Toluene diisocynate, Toluene Diamine
Mechanism- HC, PV, RD 
Scale Full-scale
http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0600472
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Edward Sears Property, NJ 
Planting Date: 1996 2004 
Media- GW, Soil
Species- Hybrid Poplar , hybpop
Contaminants:   Chlorinated solvents: PCE, TCE, DCM 
Mechanism- HC*, PD
Project size: 1 acre  
Scale pilot
http://www.epa.gov/tio/download/partner/98annual.pdf (Page 41) or http://www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/lrpcd/rcb/phytohaz.htm
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Ellsworth Air Force Base, SD 
Planting Date: 2001
Media-gw
Species- Hybrid Poplar, hybpop 
Contaminants:   Chlorinated solvents:  TCE, DCE 
Mechanism- HC 
Project size: 1 acre 
Scale pilot
http://www.afcee.brooks.af.mil/products/techtrans/monitorednaturalattenuation/nastatus.xls (Overall Status Tab)
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- ERP Site 17, Beale Air Force Base, CA 
Planting Date: 2000 
Media-GW 
Species- Native Cottonwood, popdel , PODE3
Live Oak, quevir, QUVI
Deer Grass, muhrig, MURI2
Meadow Barley,  horbra, HOBR2
Clustered Field Sage, artcam, ARCA12
Narrow- Leaved Willow, salexi, SAEX
Contaminants:   Chlorinated solvents: TCE, DCM 
Mechanism- HC
Project size: 5 acre 
http://clu-in.org/download/studentpapers/hoffnagle-phytoremediation.pdf (Page A43)
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Fairchild Air Force Base,  WA 
Planting Date: 2001 
Media- gw
Species- Hybrid Poplar , popdel
Contaminants:   Chlorinated solvents: TCE, DCM 
Mechanism- HC
Project size: 1 acre 
Scale pilot
http://www.afcee.brooks.af.mil/products/techtrans/phytorem.asp or http://www.afcee.brooks.af.mil/products/techtrans/monitorednaturalattenuation/nastatus.xls (Overall Status Tab)
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Fringe Drain Area, IL 
Planting Date: 1999 
Media- GW, Soil
Species- Hybrid Poplar, hybpop
Willow, sal, SALIX
Contaminants:   TCE 
Mechanism- HC*, PD
Project size: 5 acre
Scale full-scale
http://www.treemediation.com/ or 
http://www.clu-in.org/download/studentpapers/hoffnagle-phytoremediation.pdf.  (Page A46)
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Grand Forks Air Force Base, ND
Planting Date: 2001
Media- GW, Soil
Species- Eastern Cottonwood, popdel, PODE3
Hybrid Poplar, pophyb
Russian Olive, elaang, ELAN
Contaminants:   Chlorinated Solvents: TCE, DCM 
Mechanism- Mixed:  HC, PD, PV, RD 
Project size: 0.7 acre
Scale pilot
http://www.afcee.brooks.af.mil/ms/msp/center/summer2002/treegrandforks.asp
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Hill Air Force Base OU4, UT 
Media- GW, Soil
Species- Hybrid Poplar , pophyb
Contaminants:   Chlorinated Solvents*: DCA, DCE, PCE, TCA, TCE; Metals*: Chromium, Cadmium, Manganese, Arsenic
Mechanism- Mixed:  HC, PV 
Scale pilot
http://www.afcee.brooks.af.mil/products/techtrans/phytorem.asp or http://www.afcee.brooks.af.mil/products/techtrans/monitorednaturalattenuation/nastatus.xls (Overall Status Tab)
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Jones Island Confined Disposal Facility, WI 
Planting Date: 2001 
Media- Soil 
Species- Clover,  trifol, TRIFO
Corn,  zeamay, ZEMA
Willow, sal, SALIX
Contaminants:   PCB*:  TPH*: PAH, DRO;  Metals 
Mechanism- rhde
Scale pilot
http://www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/pubs/540r04508/540r04508a.pdf
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Kauffman & Minteer, NJ 
Planting Date: 1998
Media- GW, Soil
Species- Hybrid Poplar, pophyb
Black Willow, salnig, SANI
Contaminants:   Chlorinated Solvents*: DCA, TCE, PCE; DDT*, Endosulfan Sulfate*, TPH*: Ethyl Benzene, 2-Methylnapthalene, Styrene, Toluene  (4 groups of contaminants)
Mechanism- rhde
Project size: 5 acre
http://www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/lrpcd/rcb/phytohaz.htm
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Metal Plating Facility, OH 
Planting Date: 1997 
Media- Soil 
Species- Hybrid Poplar, pophyb 
Ryegrass, Lolium sp., lolium, LOLIU
Indian Mustard, brajun, BRJU
Contaminants:   TCE 
Mechanism- Mixed: HC, PE 
Project size: 0.23 ac
full-scale
http://clu-in.org/products/site/ongoing/demoong/phytotec.htm
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Montezuma West, OR 
Planting Date: 1997 
Media- GW, Soil
Species- Hybrid Poplar , pophyb
Contaminants:   TCA 
Mechanism- Mixed: PD, PE
Project size: 1 ac
scale -pilot
http://www.deq.state.or.us/wmc/ECSI/ecsidetail.asp?seqnbr=79
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- NASA Kennedy Space Center: Hydrocarbon Burn Facility, FL 
Planting Date: 1998
Media- GW, Soil
Species- Hybrid Poplar, pophyb
Understory Grasses (no species to enter)
Contaminants:   Chlorinated solvents*: DCE, TCE, VC, Chromium* (Cr), TPH*
Mechanism- Mixed: HC PE, PV RD 
Project size: 3 ac
scale -full
http://www.rtdf.org/public/phyto/siteprof/usersearch/phyto_detail.cfm?TrackID=186
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Northern Iowa Chlorinated Solvent Plume, IA 
Planting Date: 2001
Media- GW, Soil
Species-Hybrid Poplar, pophyb
Understory Grasses (no species to enter)
Contaminants:   Chlorinated solvents:  DCE, PCE, TCE 
Mechanism- Mixed: HC PE RD 
Project size: 1 ac
scale -full
http://clu-in.org/download/studentpapers/hoffnagle-phytoremediation.pdf (Page A59)
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Oregon Poplar, OR 
Planting Date: 1997 
Media- Soil 
Species-Hybrid Poplar, pophyb
Cottonwoods, popdel
Contaminants:   Chlorinated solvents*:  DCA, DCE, DCE, PCE, TCE, VC; BTEX*
Mechanism- Mixed: HC PD PV
http://www.epa.gov/superfund/phyto.htm
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant: X-740  TCE Plume, OH 
Planting Date: 1999 
Media- GW, Soil
Species-Hybrid Poplar, pophyb 
Contaminants:   Chlorinated solvents*:  TCE, PCE, DCE, VC 
Mechanism- HC
Project size: 2.6 ac
Scale-pilot
http://www.epa.state.oh.us/sedo/portsmouth/us_doe_portsmouth.htm
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Savannah River Site, SC 
Planting Date : 1987 1992 
Media :Soil 
Species- Bush Beans, phavul, PHVU
Contaminants :Cadmium, Thallium, Vanadium
Mechanism :PE 
Scale pilot
http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0403485 or http://sti.srs.gov/fulltext/ms2000897/ms2000897.html
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Solvent Recovery Service New England, CT 
Planting Date: 1998 2030 
Media- GW, Soil
Species-Hybrid Poplar, pophyb
White Willow, salalb, SAAL2
Pin Oak, quepal, QUPA2
River Birch, betnig, BENI
Sweet Gum, liqsty, LIST2
Silver Maple, ACSA2, acesac
Tulip Tree, lirtul, LITU
Eastern Red Bud, cercan, CECAC
Eastern White Pine, pinstr, PIST
Contaminants:   Chlorinated solvents*: TCA, DCA, DCE, VC;  PCB* 
Mechanism- Mixed: HC  PV RD
Project size: 0.8 ac
Scale: pilot
http://www.phytokinetics.com/publications.php?id=27
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Tibbetts Road, NH 
Planting Date: 1998 2015 
Media- GW, Soil
Species-Hybrid Poplar, pophyb
Understory Grasses (no species to enter)
Contaminants:   TCE*, PCBs*, Arsenic*;  BTEX*: Benzene, Toluene
Mechanism- HC
Project size: 2 ac
Scale: full
http://yosemite.epa.gov/r1/npl_pad.nsf/8b160ae5c647980585256bba0066f907/c875c2d48055e87a8525691f0063f6fe!OpenDocument
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Travis Air Force Base, CA 
Planting Date: 1998
Media- GW 
Species-Red Ironbark, eucsid, EUSI2
Contaminants:   TCE 
Mechanism- HC
Project size: 2.5 ac 
Scale: pilot
http://www.afcee.brooks.af.mil/products/techtrans/phytorem.asp or http://www.afcee.brooks.af.mil/products/techtrans/monitorednaturalattenuation/nastatus.xls (Overall Status Tab)
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Unspecified Chemical Manufacturing Facility, IL 
Planting Date: 2000
Media-gw
Species-Hybrid Poplar, pophyb
Willow, sal
Contaminants:   TCE 
Mechanism- Mixed: HC PD 
http://www.treemediation.com/ or http://clu-in.org/download/studentpapers/hoffnagle-phytoremediation.pdf (Page A71)
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Vandenberg Air Force Base, CA 
Planting Date: 2001 
Species-Hybrid Poplar, pophyb 
Contaminants:   Chlorinated solvents: DCE, PCE, VC 
Mechanism- HC,gw
 Project size: 1 ac
http://www.vandenberg.af.mil/30sw/30_msg/30_ces/IRP/pdf/irpclnup.pdf
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Wayne County, MI 
Planting Date: 1997 2002 
Media:GW, Soil
Species-Hybrid Poplar, pophyb
Contaminants:   Chlorinated solvents:  DCE, PCE, VC
Mechanism- PD
Scale full
http://www.treemediation.com/ or http://clu-in.org/download/studentpapers/hoffnagle-phytoremediation.pdf (Page A73)
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Wisconsin, WI
Planting Date: 2004
Media:GW, Soil
Species-Hybrid Poplar, pophyb
Contaminants:   Chlorinated solvents:  TCE
Mechanism- PD
Scale full
http://www.ecolotree.com or http://clu-in.org/download/studentpapers/hoffnagle-phytoremediation.pdf (Page A75)
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Aberdeen Pesticides Dumps, NC
Planting Date: 1999
Media:GW, Soil
Species-Hybrid Poplar, pophyb
Ground-Cover Grasses
Contaminants:   Dieldrin*, Hexachlorobenzene (HCB)*, Hexachlorahexane*
Mechanism- Mixed: HC PD RD
Scale full

http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0403099

Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Amana #1 and #2, IA
Media:GW, Soil
Species- Corn,  zeamay, ZEMA 
Fescue, fesaru, FEAR3
Hybrid Poplar, pophyb
Sunflower, helann, HEAN3
Contaminants:   Atrazine*, Alachlor*
Mechanism- Mixed: PD PE
Scale pilot

 http://clu-in.org/download/studentpapers/hoffnagle-phytoremediation.pdf (Page A78)

Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Clarence Coop Martelle Plant, IA
Planting Date : 1993
Media:GW, Soil
Species- Hybrid Poplar, pophyb
Grasses- no species to enter
Contaminants :Atrazine*, Herbicides, Nitrate*, Ammonia*
Mechanism- Mixed: PD PS RD
Scale full
 http://www.rtdf.org/public/phyto/siteprof/usersearch/phyto_detail.cfm?TrackID=43

Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Fort Wainwright, AK 
Planting Date : 1997
Media:Soil 
Species- Felt Leaf Willow, salala, SAAL
Contaminants :Aldrin*, DDD*, DDT*, Dieldrin*, TPH*
Mechanism- Mult: PE RD
0.18 ac
Scale full
http://www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/lrpcd/rcb/phytohaz.htm
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Illinois Fertilizer/Herbicide Spill Site, IL 
Planting Date : 1999 
Media:GW, Soil
Species- Hybrid Poplar, pophyb
Grasses- no species to enter
Contaminants: Nitrate*, Herbicides* (enter herbicides as a contaminant like chlorinated solvents) 
Mechanism- Mult: HC PE RD
Scale :full
http://www.ecolotree.com/apps4.html
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Lockwood Farm, CT 
Planting Date : 2002 
Media:Soil 
Species- Cucurbita pepo 
Contaminants: DDE 
Mechanism:phac
Scale pilot
http://www.caes.state.ct.us/Biographies/WhiteJ.htm
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- MidLakes Farm Service Cooperative, WI 
Planting Date : 996
Media:GW, Soil
Species- Hybrid Poplar, pophyb
Grasses- no species to enter
Contaminants: Pesticides*, Herbicides*, VOC* 
Mechanism:Mult: HC PI PS RD RF
0.3 ac
Scale full
http://www.rtdf.org/public/phyto/siteprof/usersearch/phyto_detail.cfm?TrackID=194
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Oconee, IL 
Planting Date : 1988 
Media:GW, Soil
Species- Hybrid Poplar, pophyp 
Contaminants: Alachlor*, Atrazine*, Metoachlor*, Metribuzin*
Mechanism:mult
1.5 ac
Scale full
http://www.treemediation.com/Oconee.htm
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Whitewater, WI 
Planting Date : 1990 
Media:GW, Soil
Species- Grasses, 
Hybrid Poplar, pophyb 
Legumes – species to enter
Contaminants: Nitrate*, Herbicides*, Insecticides*, Atrazine*, Silvex*
Mechanism:HC
10 ac
Scale full
http://www.treemediation.com/Business/Projects.htm
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Wilmington, NC 
Planting Date : 1992 2002 
Media:GW, Soil
Species- Hybrid Poplar, pophyb 
Contaminants :Nitrate*, Pesticides*, Ammonium*
Mechanism:HC
6 ac
Scale full
http://www.treemediation.com/ or http://clu-in.org/download/studentpapers/hoffnagle-phytoremediation.pdf (Page A95)
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- ICI Explosives Americas Engineering, MO 
Planting Date : 1996 
Media:GW, Soil
Species- bald cypress, Taxodium distichum (L.) L.C. Rich, taxdis, TADI2 –enter new species
Hybrid Poplar, pophyb 
ninebark, Physocarpus (Camb.) Raf., physoc, PHYSO – enter new species
Willow, sal, SALIX
Contaminants :Ammonium*,  Nitrate*,  DNT* 
Mechanism:Mult: PE RD
Field Size 3.2 ac
Scale pilot
http://www.rtdf.org/public/phyto/siteprof/usersearch/phyto_detail.cfm?TrackID=198
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site-Longhorn Army Ammunition Plant: Burning Ground #3, TX 
Planting Date : 2003 2004 
Media:GW 
Species- Hybrid Poplar , pophyb
Contaminants :perchlorate* 
Mechanism:PD RD
Field Size 0.7 ac
Scale pilot
pilot
http://clu-in.org/download/contaminantfocus/perchlorate/LHAAPfinalSchnoor.pdf
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site-Anderson,  SC 
Planting Date : 1993
Media:GW, Soil
Species- Hybrid poplar, pophyb
Contaminants :Lead (Pb)*, Cadmium* (Cd), Sulfate*, Nitrate*
Mechanism : phytostabilization
Field Size 17 ac 
Scale full
http://clu-in.org/download/studentpapers/hoffnagle-phytoremediation.pdf (Page A111)
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site-Argonne National Laboratory West, ID 
Planting Date : 1999 2002 
Media:Soil 
Species- Kochia scoparia, kocsco, KOSC
Hybrid Willow, salhyb, SALIX
Contaminants :Cesium-137* (Cs), Silver* (Ag), Mercury* (Hg), Chromium* (Cr)
Mechanism : PE
Field Size 0.61 ac 
Scale pilot
http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/rods/fulltext/r1098061.pdf
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site-Austin Residential Site, TX 
Planting Date : 2003 2003 
Media:Soil 
Species- Ptevit, PTVI
Contaminants :Arsenic 
Mechanism : phytoextraction
Field Size 0.01 ac 
Scale pilot
http://www.edenspace.com/ or http://clu-in.org/download/studentpapers/hoffnagle-phytoremediation.pdf (Page A118)
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site-Bayonne NJ 
Planting Date : 1996
Media :Soil 
Species- Indian Mustard , brajun, BRJU
Contaminants :Lead 
Mechanism : PE 
Field Size 0.02 ac 
Scale piot
http://www.edenspace.com/qualification.html
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Firing Range, Chilliwack, BC 
Planting Date : 1999 2001 
Media :Soil 
Species- Garden Pea, pissat, PISA6
Indian Mustard, brajun, BRJU
Contaminants :Lead* (Pb), Copper* (Cu) 
Mechanism : PE
Scale pilot
http://www.rmc.ca/academic/gradrech/environment9_e.html
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site-Abandoned Hat Factory, CT 
Planting Date : 2003 
Media :Soil 
Species- Eastern Cottonwood , popdel
Contaminants :Mercury* (Hg) 
Mechanism phytovolatilization 
Field Size 0.33 ac
Scale pilot
http://clu-in.org/download/studentpapers/hoffnagle-phytoremediation.pdf (Page A130)
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site-Abandoned Hat Factory, CT 
Dearing Phytostabilization Demonstration, KS 
Planting Date : 1994 1998 
Media :Soil 
Species- Hybrid Poplar, pophyb
Contaminants :Lead (Pb)*, Zinc (Zn)*, Cadmium (Cd)* 
Mechanism Mult: PE PS
Field Size 1 ac
Scale pilot
http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=PPHMF8000006000003000177000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Dorchester, MA 
Planting Date : 1996 1998 
Media :Soil 
Species- Indian Mustard, brajun, BRJU
Hybrid Poplar, pophyp
Contaminants :Lead 
Mechanism PE
Field Size 0.03 
Scale pilot
http://www.edenspace.com/qualification.html
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site-East Palo Alto, CA 
Planting Date : 1981 
Media :Soil 
Species- Eucalyptus,  eucal, EUCAL
Tamarisk, Tamarix dioica Roxb. ex Roth, tamdio, TADI6 – new species
Contaminants :Arsenic, 
Sodium (Na) 
Mechanism phytoextraction 
Field Size 1 
Scale pilot
http://clu-in.org/download/studentpapers/hoffnagle-phytoremediation.pdf (Page A134)
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site-Ensign-Bickford Company, CT 
Planting Date : 1998 1998 
Media :Soil 
Species- Indian Mustard, brajun, BRJU
Sunflower, helann, HEAN3
Contaminants :Lead 
Mechanism Mult: PE PS
Field Size 2.35 ac
Scale full
http://yosemite.epa.gov/R1/npl_pad.nsf/0/7e6c98dcbb2aa65d85256c29006e78c4?OpenDocument
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Fort Dix, NJ 
Planting Date : 1997 2002 
Media :Soil 
Species- Indian Mustard, brajun, BRJU 
Sunflower, helann, HEAN3
Grasses – no species to enter
Contaminants :Lead 
Mechanism PE
Field Size 1.25  ac
Scale pilot
http://aec.army.mil/usaec/technology/fes48.html#Fort or http://www.dix.army.mil/ENVIRONMENT/greenrange090399.htm
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site-Galena Field Study, KS 
Planting Date : 1995 2000 
Media :Soil 
Species- Tall Fescue, fesaru, FEAR3 
Contaminants :Cadmium*, Lead*, Zinc* 
Mechanism Mult: PE PS 
Scale pilot
http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=PPHMF8000006000004000212000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site-Unnamed Gary Site, IN 
Planting Date : 2002 
Media :Soil 
Species- Bulrush, Oxycaryum Nees, oxycar, OXYCA—enter new species
Sedges, Carex L., CACA75, carex- enter new species
Cattail, typlat TYLA
Contaminants :Arsenic, Lead 
Mechanism Mult: PE PS
Field Size 3 ac
Scale pilot
http://www.wtamu.edu/~crobinson/Soils/forphytremd.htm or http://clu-in.org/download/studentpapers/hoffnagle-phytoremediation.pdf (Page A139)
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site-Magic Marker, NJ 
Planting Date : 1996 
Media :Soil 
Species- Indian Mustard, brajun, BRJU
Sunflower, helann, HEAN3
Contaminants :Lead 
Mechanism phytoextraction
Field Size 1.35 ac
Scale full
http://www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/lrpcd/rcb/phytlead.htm or http://www.edenspace.com/qualification.html
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site-Metal Plating Facility, OH 
Planting Date : 1996 1997 
Media :Soil 
Species- Hybrid Poplar, pophyb
Ryegrass, lolium, LOLIU
Indian Mustard, brajun, BRJU
Contaminants :Cadmium, Zinc 
Mechanism Mult: HC PE 
Field Size 0.23 ac
Scale full
http://clu-in.org/products/site/ongoing/demoong/phytotec.htm
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site-Former Orchard Site, NJ 
Planting Date : 2001  
Media :Soil 
Species- Ptevit, PTVI
Contaminants :Arsenic 
Mechanism :phytoextraction
Field Size 0.23 ac 
Scale full
http://www.hq.usace.army.mil/isd/PUBS/DIGEST/PWDigest_may_june_02.pdf (Page 21) or http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A33716-2004Aug25.html
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Port Colborne,  ON 
Planting Date : 2001 2003 
Media :Soil 
Species- Corn, zeamay, ZEMA
Soybeans, glymax, GLMA4
Radish, rapsat, RASA2
Oats, avesat, AVSA
Alyssum, Alyssum L., ALYSS – enter this as a new species
Contaminants :Heavy metals*: Arsenic, Cobalt, Copper, Nickel
Mechanism :phytostabilization 
Field Size 0.37 ac 
Scale pilot
http://www.inco.com/portcolborne/
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site-Spring Valley, DC 
Planting Date : 2004 
Media :Soil 
Species- ptevit, PTVI
Contaminants :Arsenic 
Mechanism :PE 
Field Size 0.06 ac 
Scale pilot
http://www.hq.usace.army.mil/cepa/pubs/oct04/STORY12.HTM or http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A33716-2004Aug25.html
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- C-H Plant Area: Texas City Chemicals, TX 
Media :GW 
Species- Eucalyptus, eucal, EUCAL
Salt Cedar, Tamarix dioica Roxb. ex Roth, tamdio, TADI6
Contaminants :Cadmium, Copper,  Lead, High Salinity
Mechanism :HC PE PS
Field Size 27 ac
Scale pilot
http://clu-in.org/download/studentpapers/hoffnagle-phytoremediation.pdf (Page A125) and Exhibit 4
http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryID=2011066&contentId=2016238
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site-Twin Cities Army Ammunition Plant, MN 
Planting Date : 1998 1999 
Media :Soil 
Species- Corn, zeamay, ZEMA
White Mustard, Brassica L., brassi, BRASS2
Contaminants :Heavy metals*: Antimony, Arsenic, Barium, Beryllium, Chromium, Lead, Thallium
Mechanism :PE 
Field Size 0.2 ac 
Scale pilot
http://aec.army.mil/usaec/technology/cleanup04b.html
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site-Whitewood Creek,  SD 
Planting Date : 1991 1998 
Media :Soil 
Species- Hybrid Poplar, pophyb 
Contaminants :Arsenic*, Cadmium*, Copper* 
Mechanism :Mult: PE PS
Field Size 1 ac
Scale pilot
http://clu-in.org/download/studentpapers/hoffnagle-phytoremediation.pdf (Page A153)
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Field microplot study using microbial inoculations and single species or prairie mixtures to monitor degradation of spikes soil with atrazine, metolachlor and trifluralin.   After 198, vegetation enhanced reduction of all three herbicides.


memo:
Effect of prairie grass on the dissipation, movement, and bioavailability of selected herbicides in prepared soil columns.


memo:
Greenhouse study used soil columns treated with atrazine, metolachlor, and trifluralin planted with M. rubra seedlings.  After 170 days soil columns were sectioned and endpoints of degradation showed transport and potential for phytoremediation of these chemicals.  Bioavailability was studied using earthworm assays.


memo:
Hydroponic study using Cyperus hemaphroditus, a species endemic to swamp near Veracruz, Mexico to adsorb phenanthrene on roots.  C. hemaphroditus was grown hydroponically with increasing concentrations of phenanthrene.  Photoacoustic spectra of roots show adsorption of phenanthrene on root system.  This is suggested as a potential strategy to remove phenanthrene from the contaminated swamp ecosystem.


memo:
Six day laboratory study used axenically cultivated aquatic plants to degrade DDT.  All species resulted transformation of DDT to other bound metaboilites by 31 to 66%.  This paper includes a good  mass balance for DDT after the six day trial.  Most of the spiked DDT became associated with plant biomass.  The axenic or sterile cultures showed that reductive dechlorination of DDT primarily to isomers of DDD was due to plant metabolism and not associations with microbes.


memo:
Laboratory study of pesticide uptake by lupine seeds.  Factors like flow rate, seed biomass, pesticide concn., contact time, pH affect herbicide uptake.  Extraction of pesticide from seed show that all pesticides were degraded in the plants.   Lupinus angustifolius seed may be useful for phytoremediation of contaminated water.


memo:
Greenhouse study with vegetated and nonvegetateds oils spiked with herbicide mixtures in soil from pesticide contaminated sites.  After incubation periods of 63 to 160 days. Degradation of herbicides was estimated.   Kochia rhizosphere soil had 70-78% mineralization of atrazine after 63 days.


memo:
Laboratory study using rhizosphere soil from 15 plant species were screen in a laboratory study for degradation of C14 labeled atrazine and metolachlor.    Kochia rhizosphere had the highest degradation.  Other species that were able to mineralize atrazine included


memo:
More than 2500 poplar trees were used to degrade lindane in groundwater at a superfund site.  Network of more than 40 mintoring wells over 5 years showed that MNA and phytoremedaition could meet remediation objectives.


memo:
Laboratory study of plant uptake of triflualin and lindate in groundwater.


memo:
Capillary Barrier ET Cover at Lewis & Clark County Landfill, Helena,
MT
Last Updated: May 20, 2003
Site Information
Site Name, Location: Lewis & Clark County Landfill, Helena, MT USA
(EPA Region 8)
Site Type: Non-hazardous waste site
Project Scale: Demonstration
Project Status: Installed
Date Installed: November 1999
Project Description/
Purpose: The purpose of this project is to determine whether the
percolation rate of the capillary barrier ET cover is less
than 0.12 in/year. This project is included in the ACAP.
Monitoring System: Lysimeter constructed as 33-foot by 66-foot "bathtub" lined
with a linear-low density polyethylene (LLDPE)
geomembrane and geocomposite drainage layer.
Lysimeter connected to flow monitoring system for
percolation and runoff. Water content reflectometers used
to measure soil moisture. Heat dissipation units to
measure soil matric potential and soil temperature.
Cover Information
Cover Type: Capillary Barrier Evapotranspiration
Design of Cover: From surface downward: 6 inches of topsoil, 47 inches of
sandy clay, geotextile, and 12 inches of gravel
Types of Vegetation: Native perennial grasses including various species of
bluegrass, wheatgrass, and needlegrass
Performance Data
Available:
Yes

Contaminant:  Non-hazardous waste- nonHW
Mechanism:  Evap
Media:  Cover soil - cs
Application ET Cover
Study type:  pilot
Link:  http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=34


memo:
Capillary Barrier ET Cover at the Integrated Test Plot Facility at Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM
Last Updated: May 20, 2003
Site Information
Site Name, Location: Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
(EPA Region 6)
Site Type: Radioactive waste site
Project Scale: Demonstration
Project Status: Installed
Date Installed: 1984
Project Description/
Purpose: This is one of two demonstration projects being conducted at Los Alamos National Laboratory. This project compares the performance of 1 capillary barrier ET cover and 1 conventional design (two test plots were constructed for each design). This project was included in the first phase
of the ACAP.
Monitoring System: Lysimeter (3m by 10.7 m) was a 6-mil plastic liner that collected infiltration that was routed to a collection point. Leachate was transported to a collection tank for measurement. Flow rate measurements were made using a graduated cylinder and stopwatch. Neutron probes at 4 depths and 6 locations monitored soil moisture. Plant species composition was estimated along longitudinal transects, and plant biomass was estimated by clipping and drying 10-cm square plots.
Cover Information
Cover Type: Capillary Barrier Evapotranspiration
Cover Size: 32.1 m2
Design of Cover: From the surface downward: 71cm of sandy loam topsoil, geotextile, 46cm of gravel (5- to 10-cm diameter), 91cm of cobble, and 38cm of crushed tuff
Types of Vegetation: Blue grama and western wheatgrass
Performance Data
Available: Yes

Contaminant:  Radioactive waste- rw
Mechanism:  Evap
Media:  Cover soil - cs
Application ET Cover
Study type:  pilot
http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=35


memo:
Capillary Barrier ET Cover at Uranium Mill Tailings Repository, Monticello, UT
Last Updated: May 20, 2003
Site Type: Hazardous waste landfill
Project Scale: Demonstration
Project Status: Installed
Date Installed: July 2000
Project Description/
Purpose:
The purpose of this project is to determine whether the percolation rate of a capillary barrier ET cover is less than 0.12 in/yr. The purpose of the cover is to not only limit the inflow of water but also to limit the outflow of radon gas. This project is included in the ACAP.
Monitoring System: 1.5 mm HDPE geomembrane to act as a lysimeter and monitor a 3-hectare section. Instrumentation of 2 caisson lysimeters linked to data logger for test section. Soil monitoring stations were placed in three locations within the monitoring area, and a runoff plot was constructed over a 10m by 20m area. Water content reflectometers to measure soil moisture. Heat dissipation units to measure soil matric potential and soil temperature.
Cover Information
Cover Type: Capillary Barrier Evapotranspiration
Design of Cover: From surface downward: 8 inches of soil/gravel admixture,
36 inches of fine-grained soil, 12 inches of soil/rock admixture (biointrusion layer), 12 inches of fine-grained soil, geotextile filter, and 14 inches of sand
Types of Vegetation: Western wheatgrass, gray rabbitbrush, and sagebrush
Performance Data
Available: Yes
Comments: Overall landfill size is 7.4 acres.

Contaminant:  Hazardous waste- hw
Mechanism:  Evap
Media:  Cover soil - cs
Application ET Cover
Study type:  pilot
http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm? Project_ID=63


memo:
Capillary Barrier ET Covers at Douglas County Recycling and Disposal Facility, Omaha, NE
Last Updated: May 19, 2003
Site Information
Site Type: MSW landfill
Project Scale: Demonstration
Project Status: Installed
Date Installed: August 2000
Project Description/
Purpose: This project compares three designs: 2 capillary barrier ET covers and 1 RCRA D (composite barrier) cover. The purpose of this project is to determine whether the percolation rates for the capillary barrier ET covers are either less than 0.12 in/year or the percolation rate for the RCRA D cover. This project is included in the ACAP.
Monitoring System: Lysimeter constructed as 33-foot by 66-foot "bathtub" lined with a linear-low density polyethylene (LLDPE) geomembrane and geocomposite drainage layer. Lysimeter connected to flow monitoring system for percolation and runoff. Water content reflectometers used to measure soil moisture. Heat dissipation units to measure soil matric potential and soil temperature.
There are 2 different covers at this project.
Cover 1 Information
Cover Type: Capillary Barrier Evapotranspiration
Design of Cover: From surface downward: 6 inches of topsoil, 18 inches of
moderately compacted silty clay, and 6 inches of sand
Types of Vegetation: Mixture of local warm and cool season grasses
Performance Data Available: Yes

Cover 2 Information
Cover Type: Capillary Barrier Evapotranspiration
Design of Cover: From surface downward: 6 inches of topsoil, 30 inches of moderately compacted silty clay, and 6 inches of sand
Types of Vegetation: Mixture of local warm and cool season grasses
Cover Installation: Topsoil and silty clay obtained from nearby borrow area. Soil lifts were compacted to 85% per standard proctor.1
Performance Data Available: Yes

Contaminant:  Municipal Solid Waste- mswMechanism:  Evap
Media:  Cover soil - cs
Application ET Cover
Study type:  pilot
http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=11


memo:
Capillary Barrier ET Cover at Omega Hills, WI
Last Updated: May 20, 2003
Site Information
Site Name, Location: Omega Hills, Milwaukee, WI USA
(EPA Region 5)
Site Type: Hazardous waste landfill
Project Scale: Demonstration = pilot
Project Status: Installed
Date Installed: 1986
Project Description/
Purpose:
The purpose of this project is to investigate the performance of 1 capillary barrier ET cover and 2 resistive barrier covers. This project was included in the first phase of the ACAP.
Monitoring System: Pan-type lysimeter (12m by 6m) consists of hypalon geomembrane overlain by a geonet and a non-woven geotextile diverted percolation to a collection tank. Surface runoff and lateral flow were also diverted to collection tanks, where it was measured with electronic pressure transducers. Neutron probes and tensiometers were used to assess soil water content and potential.
Cover Information
Cover Type: Capillary Barrier Evapotranspiration
Cover Size: 72 m2
Design of Cover: From the surface downward: 15cm of topsoil, 30cm of
compacted glacial till, 30cm of medium uniform graded
sand, and 60cm of compacted glacial till
Types of Vegetation: Grasses including tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, and
creeping red fescue
Performance Data Available: Yes

Contaminant:  Hazardous waste - hw
Mechanism:  Evap
Media:  Cover soil - cs
Application: ET Cover
Study type:  pilot
http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=49


memo:
Capillary Barrier ET Covers at Sheffield, IL
Last Updated: May 20, 2003
Site Information
Site Name, Location: Sheffield, Sheffield, IL USA
(EPA Region 5)
Site Type: Radioactive waste site
Project Scale: Demonstration
Project Status: Complete
Date Installed: 1983
Project Description/
Purpose:
The purpose of this project was to evaluate the performance of 3 capillary barrier ET covers and 1 cover without a capillary barrier that utilize earthen materials available in the area. This project was included in the first phase of the ACAP.
Monitoring System: Lysimeter (6m wide by 15m long) placed in 90-cm deep trench with a PVC plastic liner sandwiched between porous polypropylene geofabric. Perforated drains and a 30-cm thick layer of pea gravel provide drainage. Instrumentation includes tensiometers, soil moisture blocks, neutron moisture probes, and vacuum soil water samplers.
There are 3 different covers at this project.
Cover 1 Information
Cover Type: Capillary Barrier Evapotranspiration
Cover Size: 90 m2
Design of Cover: From the surface downward: 15cm of topsoil, 60cm
compacted Tiskilwa Till, geofabric, 60cm of pea gravel,
and 60-75cm of compacted Tiskilwa Till
Types of Vegetation: Grasses including fescue, rye, and timothy
Performance Data Available: Yes

Cover 2 Information
Cover Type: Capillary Barrier Evapotranspiration
Cover Size: 90 m2
Design of Cover: From the surface downward: 15cm of topsoil, 60cm
compacted Peoria Loess, geofabric, 60cm of pea gravel,
and 60-75cm of compacted Tiskilwa Till
Types of Vegetation: Grasses including fescue, rye, and timothy
Performance Data Available: Yes
Cover 3 Information
Cover Type: Capillary Barrier Evapotranspiration
Cover Size: 90 m2Design of Cover: From the surface downward: 15cm of topsoil, 90cm
compacted Peoria Loess, geofabric, 30cm of pea gravel,
and 60-75cm of compacted Tiskilwa Till
Performance Data Available: Yes
Contaminant: Radioactive Waste- rw
Mechanism: Evap
Media: Cover soil - cs
Study Type: pilot
http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=57


memo:
Capillary Barrier ET Covers at Sierra Blanca, TX
Last Updated: May 20, 2003
Site Information
Site Name, Location: Sierra Blanca, Sierra Blanca, TX USA
(EPA Region 6)
Site Type: Radioactive waste site
Project Scale: Demonstration
Project Status: Installed
Date Installed: April 1998
Project Description/
Purpose:
This project compares a capillary barrier ET cover to a resistive barrier. Two test plots were constructed for each design, each with a different precipitation treatment. The purpose of this project is to evaluate the covers' abilities to limit infiltration. This project was included in the first phase of the ACAP.
Monitoring System: Lysimeters (33 feet by 33 feet) composed of 60-mil polyethylene collected and measured any infiltration through the cover. Drainage from the lysimeter is measured by an infrared drop-counting mechanism, a tipping-bucket rain gauge, and a storage tank with a wire line probe. Thermocouple psychrometers, heat dissipation, horizontal and vertical neutron probes, and time domain reflectometers used to assess soil moisture.
Cover Information
Cover Type: Capillary Barrier Evapotranspiration
Cover Size: 2500 ft2
Design of Cover: From the surface downward: 12 inches of topsoil with gravel mixed into the top 6-8 inches for erosion control, 67 inches of compacted native soil, 12 inches of sand, 12 inches of gravel, 12 inches of cobble, and 6 inches of sand
Performance Data Available: No
Contaminant: Radioactive Waste- rw
Mechanism: Evap
Media: Cover soil - cs
Study Type: pilot

http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=58


memo:
Demonstration Monolithic ET Cover at Marine Corps Logistics Base
Superfund Site, Albany, GA
Last Updated: May 20, 2003
Site Information
Site Name, Location: Marine Corps Logistics Base Superfund Site, Albany,
GA USA
(EPA Region 4)
Site Type: MSW and hazardous waste landfill
Project Scale: Demonstration
Project Status: Installed
Date Installed: March 2000
Project Description/
Purpose:
This project compares the performance of 1 monolithic ET and 1 compacted clay cover. The purpose of this project is to determine whether the percolation rate for the monolithic ET cover is less than the rate for a RCRA Subtitle D cover for an unlined site (compacted clay), which is 30 mm/yr. This project is included in the ACAP.
Monitoring System: Lysimeter constructed as 33-foot by 66-foot "bathtub" lined with a linear-low density polyethylene (LLDPE) geomembrane and geocomposite drainage layer. Lysimeter connected to flow monitoring system for percolation and runoff. Water content reflectometers used to measure soil moisture. Heat dissipation units to measure soil matric potential and soil temperature.
Cover Information
Cover Type: Monolithic Evapotranspiration
Design of Cover: From surface downward: 24 inches of sandy clay mixed with compost (75% peanut hulls and 25% composted municipal wastewater biosolids)
Types of Vegetation: Hybrid poplar trees and Bermuda grass.
Performance Data Available: Yes
Contaminant: Hazardous waste - hw
Mechanism: Evap
Media: Cover soil - cs
Study Type: pilot
http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=37


memo:
Monolithic and Capillary Barrier ET Covers at Sandia National
Laboratories, NM
Last Updated: October 10, 2003
Site Information
Site Name, Location: Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM USA (EPA Region 6)
Site Type: Non-hazardous waste site
Project Scale: Demonstration
Project Status: Installed
Date Installed: 1996
Project Description/ Purpose:This project is comparing the performance of 6 cover designs: 1 monolithic and 2 capillary barrier ET covers, and 3 conventional covers (RCRA D, compacted clay, and geosynthetic clay). The purpose of this project is to provide cost, construction, and performance data for alternative landfill covers, which will be collected for at least 5 years post-construction. This project is also known as the ALCD.
Monitoring System:A geomembrane (overlain by a geonet) collects percolation through the cover and routes it to an underdrain collection system. Soil moisture is monitored with continuous time domain reflectometry at 10 locations
and 3 depths. Runoff and erosion are measured on an event basis. Vegetation biomass production and species composition is measured yearly.
There are 3 different covers at this project.
Cover 1 Information
Cover Type: Monolithic Evapotranspiration
Cover Size: 1300 m2
Design of Cover: 15 cm of topsoil and 90 cm of compacted native soil
Types of Vegetation: Mixture of cool and warm weather plants, primarily native grasses including blue grama, galleta, sand dropseed, Indian ricegrass, and needle and thread
Performance Data Available: Yes

Cover 2 Information
Cover Type: Capillary Barrier Evapotranspiration
Cover Size: 1300 m2Design of Cover: From the surface downward: 30cm of topsoil, 15cm of washed concrete
sand and 22cm of pea gravel (upper drainage layer), 45cm barrier soil
layer, and 30cm of washed concrete sand (lower drainage layer)
Types of Vegetation:
Mixture of cool and warm weather plants, primarily native grasses including blue grama, galleta, sand dropseed, Indian ricegrass, and needle and thread
Performance Data Available: Yes

Cover Number: 3
Cover Size: 1300 m2
Design of Cover: From the surface downward: 15cm of topsoil and pea gravel mixture
(25% pea gravel by weight), 60cm of native soil, 15cm of fine sand
(interface layer), and 15cm of pea gravel (sublayer)
Types of Vegetation: Mixture of cool and warm weather plants, primarily native grasses
including blue grama, galleta, sand dropseed, Indian ricegrass, and needle and thread
Performance Data Available: Yes
Contaminant: NON-Hazardous waste - nhw
Mechanism: Evap
Media: Cover soil - cs
Study Type: pilot
http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=56


memo:
Monolithic ET Cover at Altamont Landfill & Resource Recovery
Facility, Altamont, CA
Last Updated: May 19, 2003
Site Information
Site Name, Location: Altamont Landfill & Resource Recovery Facility, Livermore,
CA USA
(EPA Region 9)
Site Type: Non-hazardous waste site
Project Scale: Demonstration
Project Status: Installed
Date Installed: November 2000
Project Description/Purpose: This project compares the percolation rates of a monolithic ET cover and RCRA D (composite) cover to determine whether the percolation rate of the ET cover is less than either 0.12 in/year or the percolation rate from the RCRA D cover, for each year of a 5-year test period. This project is part of ACAP.
Monitoring System: Lysimeter constructed as 33-foot by 66- foot "bathtub" lined with a linear-low density polyethylene (LLDPE) geomembrane and geocomposite drainage layer. Lysimeter connected to flow monitoring system for percolation and runoff. Water content reflectometers used to measure soil moisture. Heat dissipation units to measure soil matric potential and soil temperature.
Cover Information
Cover Type: Monolithic Evapotranspiration
Design of Cover: From the surface downward: 18 inches of on-site soil and
24 inches of compacted on-site soil
Types of Vegetation: Native grasses
Performance Data Available: Yes

Contaminant: NON-Hazardous waste - nhw
Mechanism: Evap
Media: Cover soil - cs
Study Type: pilot

http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?
Project_ID=1


memo:
Demonstration Monolithic ET Cover at Elmendorf Air Force Base,
Alaska
Last Updated: March 25, 2005
Site Information
Site Name, Location: Elmendorf Air Force Base, Anchorage, AK USA
(EPA Region 10)
Site Type: MSW landfill
Project Scale: Demonstration
Project Status: Installed
Date Installed: June 2004
Project Description/
Purpose: This project is being conducted to compare the performance of a monolithic ET cover against a compacted soil cover. The ET demonstration cover will also serve as a monitoring device for a full-scale monolithic ET cover of similar design currently under construction at an adjacent site.
Monitoring System: Monitoring system at the demonstration site includes a weather station, soil temperature probes, percolation and runoff collection systems, soil moisture probes, and an electrical resistivity tomography system.
Cover Information
Cover Type: Monolithic Evapotranspiration
Cover Size: 35 ft x 65 ft
Design of Cover: From the surface downward: 2 feet of sandy loam forest
soil (water holding capacity=3.6 in/ft) over 4 feet of silty
gravel with sand (water holding capacity=1.1 in/ft).
Types of Vegetation: Cottonwood, poplar, aspen, and willow trees
Performance Data Available: No
Contaminant: NON- MSW landfill -msw
Mechanism: Evap
Media: Cover soil - cs
Study Type: pilot

http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=94


memo:
Full-Scale Monolithic ET Cover at Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska
Last Updated: March 25, 2005
Site Information
Site Name, Location: Elmendorf Air Force Base, Anchorage, AK USA
(EPA Region 10)
Site Type: MSW landfill
Project Scale: Full scale
Project Status: Construction
Project Description/
Purpose: The full-scale ET cover is being installed as the final cover over an unlined MSW landfill, which operated from 1951 until 1992.
Monitoring System: Monitoring is limited to groundwater leachate monitoring and gas monitoring. Additionally, results from the demonstration ET cover at this site will be used as an indicator of water percolation through this cover.
Cover Information
Cover Type: Monolithic Evapotranspiration
Cover Size: 58 acres
Design of Cover: From the surface downward: 2 feet of sandy loam forest soil (water holding capacity=3.6 in/ft) over varying depths of silty gravel with sand (water holding capacity=1.1 in/ft).
Types of Vegetation: Cottonwood, poplar, aspen, and willow trees
Performance Data Available: No
Contaminant: NON- MSW landfill -msw
Mechanism: Evap
Media: Cover soil - cs
Study Type: full


http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=95


memo:
Monolithic ET Cover at Apple Valley Landfill, CA
Last Updated: May 19, 2003
Site Information
Site Name, Location: Apple Valley Landfill, Apple Valley, CA USA
(EPA Region 9)
Project Scale: Demonstration
Project Status: Installed
Date Installed: October 2001
Project Description/
Purpose: This project is part of ACAP and compares the performance of three cover designs: monolithic ET cover, conventional clay barrier, and a conventional composite cover.
Cover Information
Cover Type: Monolithic Evapotranspiration
Design of Cover: 910 mm of silty sand
Types of Vegetation: Grasses
Performance Data Available: No
Contaminant: NON- MSW landfill -msw
Mechanism: Evap
Media: Cover soil - cs
Study Type: pilot


http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=2


memo:
Monolithic ET Cover at Barton County Landfill, KS
Last Updated: March 10, 2005
Site Information
Site Name, Location: Barton County Landfill, Great Bend, KS USA
(EPA Region 7)
Site Type: MSW landfill
Project Scale: Full scale
Project Status: Installed
Date Installed: 2003
Project Description/
Purpose:The purpose of this project is to limit infiltration and contain the waste.
Cover Information
Cover Type: Monolithic Evapotranspiration
Cover Size: 22 acres
Design of Cover: 12 inches of topsoil over 48 inches of silty clay
Types of Vegetation: Native grasses (Big Bluestem, Little Bluestem, Indian Grass, Switchgrass, and others)
Performance Data Available: Yes
Contaminant: NON- MSW landfill -msw
Mechanism: Evap
Media: Cover soil - cs
Study Type: full



http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=65


memo:
Monolithic ET Covers at Finley Buttes Regional Landfill, Boardman,
OR
Last Updated: May 19, 2003
Site Information
Site Name, Location: Finley Buttes Regional Landfill, Boardman, OR USA
(EPA Region 10)
Site Type: MSW landfill
Project Scale: Demonstration
Project Status: Installed
Date Installed: November 2000
Project Description/
Purpose: This project compares the percolation rates of 2 monolithic ET covers and 1 RCRA D (composite) cover. The purpose of the project is to determine whether the percolation rates of the monolithic ET covers are either less than 0.035 in/year or the percolation rate from the RCRA D cover. This project is included in the ACAP.
Monitoring System: Lysimeter constructed as 33-foot by 66-foot "bathtub" lined with a linear-low density polyethylene (LLDPE) geomembrane and geocomposite drainage layer. Lysimeter connected to flow monitoring system for percolation and runoff. Water content reflectometers used to measure soil moisture. Heat dissipation units to measure soil matric potential and soil temperature.
There are 2 different covers at this project.
Cover 1 Information
Cover Type: Monolithic Evapotranspiration
Cover Number: 1
Design of Cover: 48 inches of compacted Sagehill sandy silt
Types of Vegetation: Crested wheatgrass, alfalfa, and clover
Performance Data Available: Yes

Cover 2 Information
Cover Type: Monolithic Evapotranspiration
Cover Number: 2
Design of Cover: 72 inches of compacted Sagehill sandy silt
Types of Vegetation: Crested wheatgrass, alfalfa, and clover
Performance Data Available: Yes

Contaminant: NON- MSW landfill
Mechanism: Evap
Media: Cover soil - cs
Study Type: pilot
http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=15


memo:
Monolithic ET Cover at Industrial Excess Landfill Superfund Site, OH
Last Updated: May 19, 2003
Site Information
Site Name, Location: Industrial Excess Landfill Superfund Site, Canton,
OH USA
(EPA Region 5)
Site Type: Industrial waste landfill
Project Scale: Full scale
Project Status: Proposed
Project Description/
Purpose: The purpose of this project is to reduce percolation into the landfill. This cover is also expected to provide a varied habitat for wildlife and increase the biodiversity of the site, as well as aid the natural attenuation of subsurface contaminants.
Cover Information
Cover Type: Monolithic Evapotranspiration
Cover Size: 30 acres
Design of Cover: 2-3 feet of soil with trees/vegetation planted on selected
areas of the site
Types of Vegetation: Poplars
Performance Data Available: No

Contaminant: NON- : Industrial waste landfill 
Mechanism: Evap
Media: Cover soil - cs
Study Type: full


http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=27


memo:
Monolithic ET Cover at Bluestem Landfill Site No. 1, IA
Last Updated: May 19, 2003
Site Information
Site Name, Location: Bluestem Landfill Site No. 1, Cedar Rapids, IA USA
(EPA Region 7)
Site Type: MSW landfill
Project Scale: Demonstration
Project Status: Installed
Date Installed: 1994
Project Description/
Purpose: The purpose of this project is to minimize infiltration into the landfill
Monitoring System: Leaf and soil agronomic evaluation
Cover Information
Cover Type: Monolithic Evapotranspiration
Cover Size: 3 acres
Design of Cover: 24 inches of cover soil
Types of Vegetation: Hybrid poplar trees
Performance Data Available: No
Contaminant: NON- : MSW landfill
Mechanism: Evap
Media: Cover soil - cs
Study Type: pilot

http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=5


memo:
Monolithic ET Cover at Bluestem Landfill Site No. 2, Cedar Rapids, IA
Last Updated: May 19, 2003
Site Information
Site Name, Location: Bluestem Landfill Site No. 2, Marion, IA USA
(EPA Region 7)
Site Type: MSW landfill
Project Scale: Demonstration
Project Status: Installed
Date Installed: October 2000
Project Description/
Purpose: This project compares the percolation rates of three designs: monolithic ET, compacted clay barrier, and RCRA D (composite barrier layer). The purpose of this project is to determine whether the percolation rate of the monolithic ET cover is less than 3 mm/year or the percolation rates of the
traditional covers. This project is included in the ACAP.
Monitoring System: Lysimeter constructed as 33-foot by 66-foot "bathtub" lined with a linear-low density polyethylene (LLDPE) geomembrane and geocomposite drainage layer. Lysimeter connected to flow monitoring system for percolation and runoff. Water content reflectometers and time domain reflectometry (TDR) probes used to measure soil moisture (soil moisture was evaluated 17 times during 12-month test
period using TDR). Heat dissipation units to measure soil matric potential and soil temperature. Leaf and soil
agronomic sampling.
Cover Information
Cover Type: Monolithic Evapotranspiration
Design of Cover: From surface downward: 36 inches of sandy clay amended with compost and 24 inches of sandy clay
Types of Vegetation: Hybrid poplar trees and native grasses including tall fescue
Performance Data Available: Yes

Contaminant: NON- : MSW landfill
Mechanism: Evap
Media: Cover soil - cs
Study Type: pilot

http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=6


memo:
Monolithic ET Cover at Center Hill Landfill, OH
Last Updated: May 19, 2003
Site Information
Site Name, Location: Center Hill Landfill, Cincinnati, OH USA
(EPA Region 5)
Site Type: Non-hazardous waste site
Project Scale: Demonstration
Project Status: Installed
Date Installed: May 1999
Project Description/
Purpose: The purpose of this project is to indirectly assess percolation through the cover (based on leachate). This cover is included in the ACAP.
Monitoring System: Leachate collection system retrofitted with flow monitoring instruments, which record the total flow of leachatecollected. A gas collection system was also installed.
Cover Information
Cover Type: Monolithic Evapotranspiration
Design of Cover: Existing 24-48 inch thick cover with clayey sand, clayey
sand-silty sand, lean clay, or lean clay-silt and hydraulic
conductivities reported between 6.7x10-6 and 1.3x10-6
cm/s
Types of Vegetation: Poplars, willows, and cottonwoods
Performance Data Available: Yes

Contaminant: NON- : Non-hazardous waste site-nhw
Mechanism: Evap
Media: Cover soil - cs
Study Type: pilot


http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=9


memo:
Monolithic ET Cover at Coffey County Landfill, KS
Last Updated: April 13, 2005
Site Information
Site Name, Location: Coffey County Landfill, Burlington, KS USA
(EPA Region 7)
Site Type: MSW landfill
Project Scale: Full scale
Project Status: Installed
Date Installed: September 2003
Project Description/
Purpose: The purpose of this project is to construct a cover that is equivalent to a prescriptive cover.
Monitoring System: Two lysimeters (30 ft by 50 ft) with tipping gauges
Cover Information
Cover Type: Monolithic Evapotranspiration
Cover Size: 7 acres
Design of Cover: From the surface downward: 6 inches of topsoil cover over
42 inches of silty clay. In addition, a gas venting system
was installed.
Types of Vegetation: Native grasses including big and little bluestem, Indian
grass, switchgrass, and grammas.
Performance Data Available: Yes

Contaminant: NON- : MSW landfill
Mechanism: Evap
Media: Cover soil - cs
Study Type: full



http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=74


memo:
Monolithic ET Cover at Naval Surface Warfare Center - Dahlgren
(Superfund site), VA
Last Updated: February 2, 2004
Site Information
Site Name, Location: Naval Surface Warfare Center - Dahlgren (Superfund site), Dahlgren, VA USA
Site Type: MSW landfill
Project Scale: Full scale
Project Status: Installed
Date Installed:
November 2000
Project Description/
Purpose: This project is at Site 17-1400 where surface soils are contaminated with
benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, chrysene, Aroclor 1260, chromium, and thallium. The purpose of this project is to address soil contamination by controlling erosion, reducing infiltration, and limiting groundwater discharge to nearby tributaries. The cover will also
serve as habitat for wildlife.
Cover Information
Cover Type: Monolithic Evapotranspiration
Cover Size: 3.5 acres
Design of Cover: 6 inches of topsoil over 18 inches of select fill material
Types of Vegetation: Hybrid poplars, red mulberry, sycamore, tulip poplar, and loblolly pine trees
Performance Data Available: No

Contaminant: NON- : MSW landfill
Mechanism: Evap
Media: Cover soil - cs
Study Type: full

http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=89


memo:
Monolithic ET Cover at a Casting Sand Landfill in Michigan
Last Updated: May 19, 2003
Site Information
Site Name, Location: Casting sand landfill, Detroit, MI USA
(EPA Region 5)
Site Type: Industrial waste landfill
Project Scale: Demonstration
Project Status: Installed
Date Installed: 1998
Project Description/
Purpose: The purpose of this project is to minimize infiltration into the landfill.
Monitoring System: Soil and foliar agronomic sampling
Cover Information
Cover Type: Monolithic Evapotranspiration
Cover Size: 5 acres
Design of Cover: Silty clay loam cover
Types of Vegetation: Hybrid poplar trees
Performance Data Available: No
Contaminant: NON- : Industrial waste landfill
Mechanism: Evap
Media: Cover soil - cs
Study Type: pilot

http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=8


memo:
Monolithic ET Cover at Duvall Custodial Landfill, WA
Last Updated: May 19, 2003
Site Information
Site Name, Location: Duvall Custodial Landfill, Duvall, WA USA
(EPA Region 10)
Site Type: MSW landfill
Project Scale: Full scale
Project Status: Installed
Date Installed: 1999
Project Description/
Purpose: The purpose of this project is to enhance an existing soil cover's ability to minimize infiltration into the landfill.
Monitoring System: Six nests of soil moisture sensors to monitor soil moisture, leachate and runoff collection systems, and canopy interception measurements
Cover Information
Cover Type: Monolithic Evapotranspiration
Cover Size: 13 acres
Design of Cover: 72 inches of loam
Types of Vegetation: Hybrid poplar trees
Performance Data Available: No

Contaminant: NON- : MSW landfill
Mechanism: Evap
Media: Cover soil - cs
Study Type: full


http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=13


memo:
Monolithic ET Cover at Fort Carson, CO
Last Updated: October 10, 2003
Site Information
Site Name, Location: Fort Carson, Colorado Springs, CO USA
(EPA Region 8)
Site Type: MSW landfill
Project Scale: Full scale
Project Status: Installed
Date Installed: October 2000
Project Description/
Purpose: The purpose of this project is to minimize infiltration and leachate production. This project was the first monolithic ET cover approved in Colorado and is the first of 3 planned ET covers at the site, totaling 47 acres.
Monitoring System: Lysimeters (58 inches high by 60 inches in diameter) installed 12 inches below the cover to measure drainage. Performance to be determined based on monthly soil water monitoring at 8 locations. Neutron probes installed to monitor soil moisture. Thermocouple psychrometers (installed at depths of 24, 36, and 48 inches) installed to measure water potential. Vegetation data collected twice a
year (spring and fall) at 3 locations. Vegetation evaluated for plant species, plant species height, estimated leaf area index, total composition of each species, and percent bare area. Aerial color and color infrared photographs obtained each July to document cover vegetation.
Cover Information
Cover Type: Monolithic Evapotranspiration
Cover Size: 15 acres
Design of Cover: 48 inches of clay loam soil (with a target compaction
between 68.7 lb ft-3 and 81.1 lb ft-3).
Types of Vegetation: Native warm- and cool-season prairie grasses including
streambank and western wheatgrasses, alkali sacaton,
galleta, blue grama, and sideoats grama
Performance Data Available: Yes
Contaminant: NON- : MSW landfill
Mechanism: Evap
Media: Cover soil - cs
Study Type: full


http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=16


memo:
Monolithic ET Cover at Grundy County Landfill, IA
Last Updated: May 19, 2003
Site Information
Site Name, Location: Grundy County Landfill, Grundy Center, IA USA
(EPA Region 7)
Site Type: MSW landfill
Project Scale: Demonstration
Project Status: Installed
Date Installed: 1994
Project Description/
Purpose: The purpose of this project is to minimize infiltration into the landfill.
Cover Information
Cover Type: Monolithic Evapotranspiration
Cover Size: 1 acre
Design of Cover: 48 inches of cover soil
Types of Vegetation: Hybrid poplar trees
Performance Data Available: No

Contaminant: NON- : MSW landfill
Mechanism: Evap
Media: Cover soil - cs
Study Type: pilot


http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=18


memo:
Monolithic ET Cover at Hastings Groundwater Contamination
Superfund Site, NE
Last Updated: October 10, 2003
Site Information
Site Name, Location: Hastings Groundwater Contamination Superfund Site,
Hastings, NE USA
(EPA Region 7)
Site Type: MSW landfill
Project Scale: Full scale
Project Status: Design
Project Description/
Purpose:The purpose of this project is to minimize surface water infiltration and reduce contaminant migration.
Cover Information
Cover Type: Monolithic Evapotranspiration
Cover Size: 56 acres
Design of Cover: Approximately 27 inches of soil
Types of Vegetation: Mixed prairie grass species, including big bluestem, little
bluestem, and blue grama
Performance Data Available: No

Contaminant: NON- : MSW landfill
Mechanism: Evap
Media: Cover soil - cs
Study Type: full


http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=23


memo:
Monolithic ET Cover at Welsh Road Landfill Superfund Site, PA
Last Updated: May 20, 2003
Site Information
Site Name, Location: Welsh Road Landfill Superfund Site, Honeybrook,
PA USA
(EPA Region 3)
Site Type: MSW landfill
Project Scale: Full scale
Project Status: Proposed
Project Description/
Purpose: The purpose of this project is to minimize infiltration through the cover, thereby preventing further degradation of groundwater quality. In 1990, a ROD was signed indicating a landfill cap as a remedy. In 1999, a group of PRPs proposed a monolithic ET cover in place of a conventional cap. The EPA and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania are currently evaluating the proposal.
Cover Information
Cover Type: Monolithic Evapotranspiration
Cover Size: 7 acres
Types of Vegetation: Hybrid poplar trees
Performance Data Available: No

Contaminant: NON- : MSW landfill
Mechanism: Evap
Media: Cover soil - cs
Study Type: full

http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=69


memo:
Monolithic ET Cover at Johnson County Landfill, KS
Last Updated: March 11, 2005
Site Information
Site Name, Location: Johnson County Landfill, Shawnee, KS USA
(EPA Region 7)
Site Type: MSW landfill
Project Scale: Full scale
Project Status: Installed
Date Installed: 2003
Project Description/
Purpose: The goal of this project is to design and construct an ET cover that provides equivalent or better performance when compared with a prescriptive cover.
Monitoring System: Two lysimeters
Cover Information
Cover Type: Monolithic Evapotranspiration
Cover Size: 75 acres
Design of Cover: From the surface downward: 1 foot of amended clay over
4.5 feet of weathered shale
Types of Vegetation: Native grasses including big bluestem, little bluestem,
indian grass, switch grass and sideoats gramma
Performance Data Available: Yes
Contaminant: NON- : MSW landfill
Mechanism: Evap
Media: Cover soil - cs
Study Type: full




http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=73


memo:
Monolithic ET Cover at Horseshoe Bend Landfill, TN
Last Updated: May 19, 2003
Site Information
Site Name, Location: Horseshoe Bend Landfill, Lawrenceburg, TN USA
(EPA Region 4)
Site Type: Industrial waste landfill
Project Scale: Full scale
Project Status: Installed
Date Installed: 1998
Project Description/
Purpose: The purpose of this project is to minimize infiltration into the landfill.

Monitoring System: Groundwater monitoring will take place every five years
until no longer deemed necessary by the state regulators.
Cover Information
Cover Type: Monolithic Evapotranspiration
Cover Size: 2 acres
Design of Cover: Silty sand and clayey soils
Types of Vegetation: Hybrid poplar trees
Performance Data
Available:
No

Contaminant: NON- : MSW landfill
Mechanism: Evap
Media: Cover soil - cs
Study Type: full


http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=26


memo:
Monolithic ET Cover at Green II Landfill
Last Updated: May 19, 2003
Site Information
Site Name, Location: Green II Landfill, Logan, OH USA
(EPA Region 5)
Site Type: MSW and hazardous waste landfill
Bottom liner: No
Project Scale: Demonstration
Project Status: Installed
Date Installed: 2000
Project Description/
Purpose: The purpose of this project is to reduce percolation into waste and minimize the generation of leachate, which previously contaminated groundwater at the site. Ohio EPA decided to install a leachate collection system and plant a high density of hybrid poplar and cottonwood trees. If groundwater contamination is documented beyond the limits of the waste, a conventional (multi-layered clay cover) may replace the ET cover. This project is included in the ACAP.
Monitoring System: Leachate collection system captures leachate with 2 trenches and pumps it to a storage tank, where the volume of leachate is monitored by a level transmitter.
Cover Information
Cover Type: Monolithic Evapotranspiration
Design of Cover: 21 inches of sandy clay (existing cover)
Types of Vegetation: Grass, shrubs, hybrid poplar and willow trees 
Performance Data Available: Yes

Contaminant: NON- : MSW landfill
Mechanism: Evap
Media: Cover soil - cs
Study Type: full

http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=17


memo:
Monolithic ET Cover at Lopez Canyon Sanitary Landfill, CA
Last Updated: October 7, 2003
Site Information
Site Name, Location: Lopez Canyon Sanitary Landfill, Los Angeles, CA USA
(EPA Region 9)
Site Type: MSW landfill
Project Scale: Full scale
Project Status: Installed
Date Installed: 1999
Project Description/
Purpose: The purpose of this project is to demonstrate performance of the ET cover compared to a conventional cover and validate theoretical water balance analyses. The cover was conditionally approved in 1998 and received final approval in October 2002 following analysis of field performance data.
Monitoring System: Two moisture monitoring systems were installed, one at Disposal Area A and one at Disposal Area ABplus in May and November 1999, respectively. Each monitoring system has two stacks of time domain reflectometry probes, which measure soil moisture at 24-inch intervals to a maximum depth of 78 inches, and a station for collecting weather data.
Cover Information
Cover Type: Monolithic Evapotranspiration
Design of Cover: 3-foot silty sand/clayey sand layer, which overlies a 2-foot
foundation layer
Types of Vegetation: Native vegetation including artemesia, salvia, lupines,
sugar bush, poppy, and grasses.
Performance Data Available: Yes
Contaminant: NON- : MSW landfill
Mechanism: Evap
Media: Cover soil - cs
Study Type: full

http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=77


memo:
Monolithic ET Cover at Monterey Peninsula Landfill, Monterey, CA
Last Updated: May 20, 2003
Site Information
Site Name, Location: Monterey Peninsula Landfill, Marina, CA USA
(EPA Region 9)
Site Type: Non-hazardous waste site
Project Scale: Demonstration
Project Status: Installed
Date Installed: May 2000
Project Description/
Purpose: This project compares the performance of 1 monolithic ET cover and 1 conventional composite barrier cover. The purpose of this project is to determine whether the percolation rate of the monolithic ET cover is less than the rate for a conventional composite cover, which is 3 mm/yr. This project is included in the ACAP.
Monitoring System: Lysimeter constructed as 33-foot by 66-foot "bathtub" lined with a linear-low density polyethylene (LLDPE) geomembrane and geocomposite drainage layer. Lysimeter connected to flow monitoring system for percolation and runoff. Water content reflectometers used to measure soil moisture. Heat dissipation units to measure soil matric potential and soil temperature.
Cover Information
Cover Type: Monolithic Evapotranspiration
Design of Cover: 47 inches of imported soil placed over 12 inches of native
sand, simulating the interim cover
Types of Vegetation: Native grasses including rye, California brome, red fescue,
and sage
Performance Data Available: Yes

Contaminant: NON- : Non-hazardous waste
Mechanism: Evap
Media: Cover soil - cs
Study Type: pilot

http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=44


memo:
Monolithic ET Cover at Mixed Waste Landfill, NM
Last Updated: October 10, 2003
Site Information
Site Name, Location: Mixed Waste Landfill, Albuquerque, NM USA
(EPA Region 6)
Site Type: Mixed waste site
Project Scale: Full scale
Project Status: Design
Project Description/
Purpose: The purpose of this project is to minimize infiltration into the landfill.
Cover Information
Cover Type: Monolithic Evapotranspiration
Cover Size: 2.6 acres
Design of Cover: From surface downward: 9 inches of topsoil/gravel
admixture, biointrusion fence with 1/4-inch squares, and 42
inches of native soil
Types of Vegetation: Mixture of native grasses including blue grama, Indian
ricegrass, galleta, sand dropseed, and needle and thread
Performance Data Available: No


Contaminant: NON- : Mixed waste site
Mechanism: Evap
Media: Cover soil - cs
Study Type: full


http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=43


memo:
Monolithic ET Cover at a MSW Landfill in Nebraska
Last Updated: May 20, 2003
Site Information
Site Name, Location: MSW Landfill (NE) NE USA
(EPA Region 7)
Site Type: MSW landfill
Project Scale: Full scale
Project Status: Installed
Date Installed: 2000
Project Description/
Purpose: The purpose of this project is to minimize infiltration into the landfill and intercept leachate.
Monitoring System: Soil moisture sensors and foliar and soil agronomic evaluation
Cover Information
Cover Type: Monolithic Evapotranspiration
Cover Size: 6 acre
Design of Cover: 24-36 inches of cover soil
Types of Vegetation: Hybrid poplar trees
Performance Data Available: No

Contaminant: NON- : MSW Landfill
Mechanism: Evap
Media: Cover soil - cs
Study Type: full


http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=45


memo:
Monolithic ET Cover at a Pre-Subtitle D Landfill in Pennsylvania
Last Updated: May 20, 2003
Site Information
Site Name, Location: Pre-Subtitle D Landfill PA USA
(EPA Region 3)
Site Type: MSW landfill
Project Scale: Full scale
Project Status: Installed
Date Installed: 1999
Project Description/
Purpose:
The purpose of this project is to minimize infiltration into the landfill.
Monitoring System: Foliar and soil agronomic analyses
Cover Information
Cover Type: Monolithic Evapotranspiration
Cover Size: 13 acre
Design of Cover: 24-36 inches of reworked cover soil
Types of Vegetation: Hybrid poplar trees.
Performance Data Available: No
Contaminant: NON- : MSW Landfill
Mechanism: Evap
Media: Cover soil - cs
Study Type: full


http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=53


memo:
Demonstration Monolithic ET Cover at Nevada Test Site, NV
Last Updated: May 20, 2003
Site Information
Site Name, Location: Nevada Test Site NV USA
(EPA Region 9)
Site Type: Mixed waste site
Project Scale: Demonstration
Project Status: Installed
Date Installed: March 1994
Project Description/
Purpose:
The purpose of this project is to assess the hydrologic performance of the native soil structure by evaluating a monolithic ET cover. This project was included in the first phase of the ACAP.
Monitoring System: Two lysimeters (2mx4m) used to assess percolation were supported on a scale with electronic load cells. Thermocouple psychrometers and time domain reflectometer (TDR) probes measure soil moisture conditions and were placed at depths of 4, 8, 12, 20, 28, 44, 56, and 70 inches.
Cover Information
Cover Type: Monolithic Evapotranspiration
Cover Size: 8 m2
Design of Cover: 79 inches of native soil
Types of Vegetation: Native shrubs including creosote bush, Ambrosia, and
desert thorn
Performance Data Available: Yes
Contaminant: NON- : Mixed waste site
Mechanism: Evap
Media: Cover soil - cs
Study Type: pilot


http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=47


memo:
Monolithic and Capillary Barrier ET Covers at Hill AFB, UT (Installed
1989)
Last Updated: May 19, 2003
Site Information
Site Name, Location: Hill AFB, Ogden, UT USA
(EPA Region 8)
Site Type: Hazardous waste landfill
Project Scale: Demonstration
Project Status: Installed
Date Installed: 1989
Project Description/
Purpose:
This is one of two projects being conducted at Hill AFB. This project evaluates the performance of a monolithic ET cover, 2 capillary barrier ET designs varying only by vegetation, and a modified RCRA design. This project was included in the first phase of the ACAP.
Monitoring System: Lysimeter with dimensions of 5m by 10m by 2.8m deep collected drainage through the cover and directed the water through a tipping bucket rain gauge and into an underground tank. Neutron moisture gauge used to monitor soil moisture. Surface runoff collected in large tanks for measurement of quantity and sediment yield.
There are 3 different covers at this project.
Cover 1 Information
Cover Type: Monolithic Evapotranspiration
Cover Size: 50 m2
Design of Cover: 0.9m of sandy loam
Types of Vegetation: Native grasses including western wheatgrass, great basin
wild rye, sand dropseed, and sheep fescue
Performance Data Available: Yes

Cover 2 Information
Cover Type: Capillary Barrier Evapotranspiration
Cover Size: 50 m2
Design of Cover: From the surface downward: 1cm of gravel mulch to
control erosion, 1.5m sandy loam, geotextile, and 0.3m of
approximately 1-cm diameter gravel.
Types of Vegetation: Native grasses including western wheatgrass, great basin
wild rye, sand dropseed, and sheep fescue
Performance Data Available: YesCover 3 Information
Cover Type: Capillary Barrier Evapotranspiration
Cover Size: 50 m2
Design of Cover: From the surface downward: 1cm of gravel mulch to
control erosion, 1.5m sandy loam, geotextile, and 0.3m of
approximately 1-cm diameter gravel.
Types of Vegetation: Shrubs and native grasses including western wheatgrass,
great basin wild rye, sand dropseed, and sheep fescue
Performance Data Available: Yes
Contaminant: NON- : Hazardous waste landfill 
Mechanism: Evap
Media: Cover soil - cs
Study Type: pilot

http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=24


memo:
Monolithic ET Cover at a MSW Landfill in Virginia
Last Updated: May 20, 2003
Site Information
Site Name, Location: MSW Landfill (VA), Richmond, VA USA
(EPA Region 3)
Site Type: MSW landfill
Project Scale: Demonstration
Project Status: Installed
Date Installed: 1995
Project Description/
Purpose:
The purpose of this project is to minimize infiltration into the landfill.
Cover Information
Cover Type: Monolithic Evapotranspiration
Cover Size: 10 acre
Design of Cover: 96 inches of sand
Types of Vegetation: Hybrid poplar trees
Performance Data Available: No

Contaminant: NON- : MSW landfill
Mechanism: Evap
Media: Cover soil - cs
Study Type: pilot



http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=46


memo:
Monolithic ET Covers at Rocky Mountain Arsenal Superfund Site, CO
Last Updated: May 20, 2003
Site Information
Site Name, Location: Rocky Mountain Arsenal Superfund Site, Denver,
CO USA
(EPA Region 8)
Site Type: Hazardous waste site
Project Scale: Demonstration
Project Status: Complete
Date Installed: April 1998
Project Description/
Purpose:
The purpose of this demonstration project was to measure the percolation rates of 4 monolithic ET covers and to demonstrate equivalence to a conventional cover. Based on the results from the demonstration, a full-scale monolithic ET cover will be designed for approximately 250 acres at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, which may increase to 450 acres.
Monitoring System: Lysimeter (30 feet by 50 feet) composed of a 60-mil VFPE membrane liner collected percolation through the cover. A geocomposite drainage layer (polyethylene geonet sandwiched between nonwoven geotextiles) separates the geomembrane from the soil layer. Percolation is conveyed to an HDPE vault and measured in a tipping bucket rain gauge. Time domain reflectometry probes monitor soil moisture at six depths. Surface runoff is collected in a 1800-gallon storage tank and measured at least weekly.

There are 4 different covers at this project.
Cover 1 Information
Cover Type: Monolithic Evapotranspiration
Cover Number: 1
Cover Size: 1500 ft2
Design of Cover: 42 inches of fine-grained soil (mostly loam or clay loam)
Types of Vegetation: Native grasses (buffalo grass, blue grama, switchgrass,
western wheatgrass) and forbs
Performance Data Available: Yes
Cover 2 Information
Cover Type: Monolithic Evapotranspiration
Cover Number: 2
Cover Size: 1500 ft2
Design of Cover: 48 inches of fine-grained soil (mostly loam or clay loam)
Types of Vegetation: Native grasses (buffalo grass, blue grama, switchgrass,
western wheatgrass) and forbs
Performance Data Available: Yes
Cover 3 Information
Cover Type: Monolithic EvapotranspirationCover Number: 3
Cover Size: 1500 ft2
Design of Cover: 42 inches of coarse-grained soil (mostly sandy loam or
sandy clay loam)
Types of Vegetation: Native grasses (buffalo grass, blue grama, switchgrass,
western wheatgrass) and forbs
 Performance Data Available: Yes
Cover 4 Information
Cover Type: Monolithic Evapotranspiration
Cover Number: 4
Cover Size: 1500 ft2
Design of Cover: 60 inches of fine-grained soil (mostly loam or clay loam)
Types of Vegetation: Native grasses (buffalo grass, blue grama, switchgrass,
western wheatgrass) and forbsPerformance Data Available: Yes

Contaminant: NON- : Hazardous waste site
Mechanism: Evap
Media: Cover soil - cs
Study Type: pilot



http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=55


memo:
Monolithic ET Cover at Barje Landfill, Slovenia
Last Updated: May 19, 2003
Site Information
Site Name, Location: Barje Landfill, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Site Type: MSW landfill
Project Scale: Demonstration
Project Status: Installed
Date Installed: 1994
Project Description/
Purpose:
The purpose of this project is to minimize infiltration into the landfill.
Monitoring System: Foliar analyses
Cover Information
Cover Type: Monolithic Evapotranspiration
Cover Size: 10 acres
Design of Cover: 24 inches of silt loam over 24-48 inches of fly ash
Types of Vegetation: Hybrid poplar trees
Cover Installation: 14,000 hybrid poplar trees planted over 10 acres
Drainage Layer: No
Biointrusion Layer: No
Gas Collection Layer: No
Designer Name: Ecolotree, Inc.
Performance Data Available: No
Contaminant: NON- : MSW landfill
Mechanism: Evap
Media: Cover soil - cs
Study Type: pilot



http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=3


memo:
Monolithic ET Cover at Coyote Canyon Landfill, CA
Last Updated: May 19, 2003
Site Information
Site Name, Location: Coyote Canyon Landfill, Somis, CA USA
(EPA Region 9)
Site Type: MSW landfill
Project Scale: Full scale
Project Status: Installed
Date Installed: April 1994
Project Description/
Purpose:
The purpose of this project is to minimize infiltration into the landfill and accommodate Gnatcatcher habitat (coastal sage scrub).
Monitoring System: Solid state moisture monitoring probes were installed during cover construction. These probes monitor the dielectric constant of the soil and calculate moisture content. Probes were placed in stacks at three distinct slope inclinations within each microclimate at depths of 6, 12, 24, 36, 51, 66, 84, 93, and 102 inches and have been monitored on an hourly basis.
Cover Information
Cover Type: Monolithic Evapotranspiration
Cover Size: 100 acres
Design of Cover: 78 inches of local soils for the vegetative layer; 30 inches of fine-grained soil for the barrier layer (with a maximum hydraulic conductivity of 1x10 -6 cm/s).
Types of Vegetation: Coastal sage scrub
Performance Data Available: Yes

Contaminant: NON- : MSW landfill
Mechanism: Evap
Media: Cover soil - cs
Study Type: full

http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=10


memo:
Monolithic ET Cover at an Electrical Power Plant in Missouri
Last Updated: May 19, 2003
Site Information
Site Name, Location: Electrical power plant, Saint Louis, MO USA
(EPA Region 7)
Site Type: Ash landfill
Project Scale: Demonstration
Project Status: Installed
Date Installed: 1995
Project Description/
Purpose:
The purpose of this project is to minimize infiltration into the fly ash.
Monitoring System: Piezometers and foliar sampling
Cover Information
Cover Type: Monolithic Evapotranspiration
Cover Size: 5 acres
Design of Cover: Sandy-loam soil
Types of Vegetation: Hybrid poplar trees
Performance Data Available: No

Contaminant: NON- : Ash landfill
Mechanism: Evap
Media: Cover soil - cs
Study Type: pilot


http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=14


memo:
parrot feather (Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc.)
canna (Canna  hybrida L. Yellow King Humbert)
Laboratory study of pesticide accumulation by plant exposed to pesticide contaminated water.  Plant size and age appeard to affect tolerance to pesticide.  

Simazine
Phytoaccumulation
groundwater


memo:
Monolithic ET Cover at Pantex Plant, TX
Last Updated: May 20, 2003
Site Information
Site Name, Location: Pantex Plant, Amarillo, TX USA
(EPA Region 6)
Site Type: Construction debris
Project Scale: Full scale
Project Status: Installed
Date Installed: 2000
Project Description/ 
Purpose: The purpose of this project is to reduce percolation into the waste and minimize dispersion by wind. Landfill contents are construction debris, which was originally covered with soils that contained high levels of explosives. This monolithic ET cover was constructed on top of the original cover.
Cover Information
Cover Type: Monolithic Evapotranspiration
Design of Cover: From surface downward: 12-18 inches of topsoil and
approximately 18 inches of fill soil
Types of Vegetation: Winter wheat and native grasses
Performance Data Available: No
Contaminant: NON- Construction debris 
Mechanism: Evap
Media: Cover soil - cs
Study Type: full


http://www.clu-in.org//products/altcovers/usersearch/lf_details.cfm?Project_ID=50


memo:
Amaranthus blitoides was highest As accumalation from a survey of species. The site is a pyritic sludge spill near Seville, Spain. Ecosystem level budget needs to be produced.


memo:
In laboratory studies water hyacinth shows phytoremediation potential for uptake of PCBs, DDT, DDE, DDD, Cd, Pb, and Hg.  A combination of mechanisms may be involved including root-sorption, concentration, and/or metabolic degradaion.


memo:
Bioavailability of Cu and Zn were related to chemical partitioning between sediments and water.  Patterns of uptake are site specific depending on local conditions.


memo:
Uptake of nickel in two mint species was relations to nutrient concentrations in laboratory trials.  Lower nutrient conditions resulted in higher bioconcentration factors (BCF) for nickle.


memo:
Laboratory study of 5 wetland species for heavy metal uptake showed Lemna minor and Eichhornia crassipes accumulated the most Cd, Oenathe javanica the most mercury, and Lepironia articulata the most lead.


memo:
Laboratory tests showed Vallisneria spiralis accumulated chromium by adsorption and absorption to plant tissues.  This may be useful in constructed wetlands where the plant biomass can be harvested and safely disposed to prevent metal recycling.


memo:
Hydroponic TNT toxicity studies show growth inhibition of duckweed with 1 mg/L TNT with greater than 5 mg/L resulting in death. (Schott and Worthley 1974).  Another study showed toxicity to TNT above 1 mg/L (Pavlostathis et al.)- see ref. in review


memo:
Hydroponic TNT toxicity studies show TNT transformation products 2-ADNT and 4-ADNT reduces growth of yellow nutsedge at 5 mg/L. (Schott and Worthley 1974).

Transformation of TNT by Terrestrial Plants (from table in Hannink et al. 2002)
Plant Species: 
Cyperus esculentus    yellow nutsedge
Initial TNT Concentraton:
Solutions up to 20 mg/L 
Study type
Hydroponic, non sterile
TNT Metabolites produced:
4-HADNT and ADNTs
Reference from review article:
Palazzon and Legget (1986)

4-HADNT:  4 isomer of hydroxylaminodinitrotoluene
ADNT: aminodinitrotoluene


memo:
TNT concentrations between 1.3 mg/L and 5.2 mg/L induced chlorosis in Eurasian watermilfoil. (Pavlostathis et al. 1998)-reference in review


memo:
Oats was most tolerant compared to Lepidium sativum L. (cress), Brassica rapa Metzg. (turnip), and Triticum aestivum L. (wheat).  Oats tolerated 1600 mg/kg TNT.


memo:
Poplars grown in soil tolerate higher concentrations of TNT than in hydroponic studies.  This may be related to TNT binding to humic matter in soil.


memo:
Bush bean was most tolerant of 11 species.  It could grow in 500 mg/kg TNT.

Transformation of TNT by Terrestrial Plants (from Table1 in Hannink et al. 2002)
Plant Species: 
Phaseolus vulgaris    bush bean
Initial TNT Concentraton:
Solution up to 10 mg/L 
Study type
Hydroponic, non sterile
TNT Metabolites produced:
2 and 4ADNTs and acid-hydrolyzable conjugates
Reference from review article:
Harvey et al. 1990

2-ADNT: 2 isomer aminodinitrotoluene
4-ADNT: 4 isomer aminodinitrotoluene


memo:
Alfalfa was not able to growing in 100 mg/kg TNT in soil when compared with 11 species.

Transformation of TNT by Terrestrial Plants (from Table 1 in Hannink et al. 2002)
Plant Species: 
Medicago sativum   alfalfa
Initial TNT Concentraton:
0.1 to 10 mg/L 
Study type
Hydroponic, non sterile
TNT Metabolites produced:
2 ADNTs and acid-hydrolyzable conjugates
Reference from review article:
Gorge et al. 1994

2-ADNT: 2 isomer aminodinitrotoluene


memo:
TNT concentrations above 30 mg/kg linearly affected tall fescue germination in germination trials on agar.    (Peterson et al. 1998). Tall fescue was more tolerant of TNT than smooth brome with 50% greater shoot dry weight.  Tall fescue germinated in soil with 31 mg/kg TNT. (Krishnan et al. 2000)


memo:
Transformation of TNT by Terrestrial Plants (from table in Hannink et al. 2002)
Plant Species: 
Allium schoenoprasum    chive
Initial TNT Concentraton:
0.1 to 10 mg/L 
Study type
Hydroponic, non sterile
TNT Metabolites produced:
2 and 4ADNTs 
Reference from review article:
Gorge et al. 1994

2-ADNT: 2 isomer aminodinitrotoluene
4-ADNT: 4 isomer aminodinitrotoluene


memo:
Transformation of TNT by Terrestrial Plants (from Table 1 in Hannink et al. 2002)
Plant Species: 
Phaseolus vulgaris    bush bean
Initial TNT Concentraton:
10 mg/kg in soil 
Study type
soil, non sterile
TNT Metabolites produced:
2 and 4ADNTs 
Reference from review article:
Scheidemann et al. 1998

2-ADNT: 2 isomer aminodinitrotoluene
4-ADNT: 4 isomer aminodinitrotoluene


memo:
Transformation of TNT by Terrestrial Plants (from Table 1 in Hannink et al. 2002)
Plant Species: 
Lupinus angustifolius   lupin
Initial TNT Concentraton:
10 mg/kg in soil 
Study type
soil, non sterile
TNT Metabolites produced:
4ADNTs 
Reference from review article:
Scheidemann et al. 1998

4-ADNTs: 4 isomer aminodinitrotoluene


memo:
Transformation of TNT by Terrestrial Plants (from Table 1 in Hannink et al. 2002)
Plant Species: 
Phacelia sericea    purple fringe
Initial TNT Concentraton:
10 mg/kg in soil 
Study type
soil, non sterile
TNT Metabolites produced:
2 and 4ADNT 
Reference from review article:
Scheidemann et al. 1998

2-ADNT: 2 isomer aminodinitrotoluene
4-ADNT: 4 isomer aminodinitrotoluene


memo:
Wheat could tolerate growing in 100 mg/kg in soil. 

Transformation of TNT by Terrestrial Plants (from Table 1 in Hannink et al. 2002)
Plant Species: 
Triticum aestivum    wheat
Initial TNT Concentraton:
10 mg/kg in soil 
Study type
soil, non sterile
TNT Metabolites produced:
2-ADNT 
Reference from review article:
Scheidemann et al. 1998

2-ADNT: 2 isomer aminodinitrotoluene


memo:
Transformation of TNT by Terrestrial Plants (from Table 1 in Hannink et al. 2002)
Plant Species: 
Lolium perene     ryegrass
Initial TNT Concentraton:
10 mg/kg in soil 
Study type
soil, non sterile
TNT Metabolites produced:
2 ADNTs 
Reference from review article:
Scheidemann et al. 1998

2-ADNT: 2 isomer aminodinitrotoluene


memo:
Transformation of TNT by Terrestrial Plants (from Table 1 in Hannink et al. 2002)
Plant Species: 
Alopecurus pratensis L.  meadow foxtail
Initial TNT Concentraton:
10 mg/kg in soil 
Study type
soil, non sterile
TNT Metabolites produced:
2ADNTs 
Reference from review article:
Scheidemann et al. 1998

2-ADNT: 2 isomer aminodinitrotoluene


memo:
Smooth brome root growth was reduced in germination trials on agar at TNT concentration of 7.5 mg/L  (Peterson et al. 1998).  Smooth brome was less tolerant than tall fescue with shoot dry weight 50% of tall fescue.  Smooth brome germinated in soil with 24 mg/kg TNT. (Krishnan et al. 2000)

Transformation of TNT by Terrestrial Plants (from Table 1 in Hannink et al. 2002)
Plant Species: 
Bromus inermus    smooth brome
Study 1:  Initial TNT Concentraton:
10 mg/kg in soil 
Study type
soil, non sterile
TNT Metabolites produced:
2 and 4ADNTs 
Reference from review article:
Scheidemann et al. 1998

Study 2:  Initial TNT Concentraton:
36 mg/L in sand solution
Study type
Sterile sand culture system
TNT Metabolites produced:
2 and 4ADNTs 
Reference from review article:
Sun et al. 2000.


memo:
Field trials at the decommissioning of Bradwell Nuclear Power Station, UK investigated 137Cs uptake by Beta vulgaris.  Total Cs removal depended more on plant biomass than soil 137Cs concentration.  Potential use of phytotechnology for remediation of low levels of 137Cs may be practical.  More work is needed to address 137Cs bioavailability, crop management, and safe desposal of harvested biomass.


memo:
A hydrocarbon spill of No. 2 fuel oil from an above ground storage tank  was characterized and hybid willows were planted on four hot spots.  Petroleum hydrocarbons estimated as DRO varied from 4 to 5000 mg/kg.  Remedial objective was 1000 mg/kg, as determined by Wisconsin Dept of Natural Resources.  Microbial enumerations were made.  During 1996, 300 willow tree (variety 'prairie cascade') were planted.   Excavated roots showed tree roots had reached the impacted soil. After three years, two of the hot spots showed a 67% decrease in DRO.  Trends were inconclusive in one hot spot.  Further sampling is planned in 2002 after 6 years of plant growth.


memo:
Simulated buffer strips of switchgrass, tall fescue, or bare soil tested insecticide runoff from surface water.  Infiltration and runoff were monitored.  Endosulfan was filtered out of surface runoff by 98-100% for low flow rates and 39-54% for high flow rates.  Adsorption to soil was the primary method of insecticide removal.  Grasses were most important when at high flow rates.


memo:
Bioconcentration of oganochlorine pesticides was studied in bulrush roots and stems.  Plants were sampled at the input and output creek areas near a shallow lake in Argentina.  The pesticides originate as runoff from agricultural fields.  Most pesticides is in the roots.  DDT, chlordane and endosulfan predominate in roots (pesticide concentration - 30.2-45.7 ng/g dry wt).  HCH and endosulfans accumulated in stems because these less hydrophobic compounds are more soluble in water.


memo:
This is a good review of many studies that show phytodegradation and phytosequestration processes mediated by plants.  These are mostly laboratory mechanistic studies that support that role plants may have in field applications.  Contaminants include carbontetrachloride, chloropicrin, hexachloroethane, methyl bromide, DDT, PCE, TCE, and associated metabolites.


memo:
Microplot field test of pesticide contaminated soil from an agrochemical dealership was planted with individual species and a mixture of big bluestem, indiangrass, switchgrass, as well as no vegetation.  Treatments  with and without the addition of bacterial degraders of metolachlor and atrazine were also tested.  Pesticide concentrations were monitored for 3 years.  Trifluralin and pendimethalin showed lower concentration in vegetated plots.  Atrazine declined rapidly in all plots. Metolachlor decreased but did not show treatment differences.


memo:
Review of use methods to estimate attenuation of TNT using trees (dendroremediation).  Estimates of the grams of TNT dissipated per meter square within a tree stand are presented.


memo:
Greenhouse study showed that half life of aldicarb in soil was reduced by presence of plants.


memo:
Small plot field study with varieties of squash, pumpkin, cucumber and melon showed large differences in accumulation of p,p’-DDE and variable partitioning to roots vs shoots.  Bioconcentration factors (BCF) calculated as the ratio of root concentration to soil concentration resulted in a mean of 1.8 for cucumber and melon versus 16 for squash and pumpkin.  Percent of soil DDE extracted by two Cucurbita pepo varieties in one growing season ranged from 0.4% to 2.4% demonstrating phytoremediation potential.


memo:
A small field plot experiments demonstrated uptake of p,p’-DDE in zucchini, pumpkin and spinach.  DDE concentrations in rhizosphere soil decreased from bulk soil.  Plant tissues roots, stems, leaves, and fruits accumulated significant amounts of DDE in zucchini and pumpkin with a root:soil bioconcentration factor (BCF) greater than 10.


memo:
Canna hybrida was evaluated for potential to remove simazine from contaminated water.  Plants were exposed to 6 concentration of simazine for seven days to evaluate tolerance.  Plants were then exposed to one concentration of C14 labeled simazine for 1, 3, 5, and 7 days to estimate pesticide uptake and distribution in plant tissues.  Growth and photosynthesis was reduced at concentrations of simazine in the range of 1 to 3 mg/L.  After 7 days of treatment with C14 simazine, pesticide activity was reduced by 80% for A. gramineus and 34% for P. cordata.  Pesticide uptake was shown in all plant tissues with most accumulation in leaf tissue. Uptake of the pesticides was correlated with water use during the treatment period.  The authors concluded canna has phytoremediation potential.


memo:
Pickerelweed and grassleaf sweet flag were evaluated for potential to remove simazine from contaminated water.  Plants were exposed to 6 concentration of simazine for seven days to evaluate tolerance.  Plants were then exposed to one concentration of C14 labeled simazine for 1, 3, 5, and 7 days to estimate pesticide uptake and distribution in plant tissues.  Growth and photosynthesis of both species was reduced at concentrations of simazine in the range of 0.3 to 3 mg/L.  After 7 days of treatment with C14 simazine, pesticide activity was reduced by 45% for A. gramineus and 34% for P. cordata.  Pesticide uptake was shown in all plant tissues with most accumulation in leaf tissue. Uptake of the pesticides was correlated with water use during the treatment period.  The authors concluded these species have phytoremediation potential.


memo:
Cattail was evaluated for potential to remove metalaxyl and simazine from contaminated water.  Plants were exposed to 6 concentration of simazine for seven days to evaluate tolerance.  Plants were then exposed to one concentration of C14 labeled simazine and C14 labeled metalaxyl for 1, 3, 5, and 7 days to estimate pesticide uptake and distribution in plant tissues.  Pesticide uptake ranged from 15 to 60% with much of the accumulation in leaf tissue.  Metalaxyl activity was reduced 34% and simazine activity was reduced 65% in nutrient solutions after exposure to the plants.  Uptake of the pesticides was correlated with water use during the treatment period.  The authors concluded that cattail has phytoremediation potential.


memo:
Four plant species (sweetflag, canna, parrotfeather, and pickerelweed) where exposed to 7 concentrations of the fungicide, metalaxyl and monitored for plant health and pesticide accumulation after 7 days of exposure and after a 7 day recovery period to evaluate pesticide tolerance.  Plants were raised in the greenhouse then roots were exposed to pesticide solutions in glass jars.  Plants were then exposed to one concentration of C14 labeled metalaxy for 1, 3, 5, and 7 days to estimate pesticide uptake and distribution in plant tissues.  Pesticide uptake ranged from 15 to 60% with much of the accumulation in leaf tissue.  The practical application of this is using constructed wetlands to treat pesticide runoff from a golf course.  All of these species have potential phytoremediation value.


memo:
Virginia sweetspire, white willow, and black pussywillow were treated with 4 mg/L of isoxaben and oryzalin and no herbicide for a 9 day period.  Growth and photosynthesis was monitored for 51 days after treatment.  Virginia sweetspire and white willow showed phytoremediation potential for oryzalin while non of the species grew well at the concentration of isoxaben used.


memo:
Salix vinimalis is cultivated for biomass in Sweden and may also be useful for phytoaccumulation of Cadmium of contaminated topsoil that has eroded from upgradient sites.  490,000 ha of land could be treated this way while 15,000 ha are currently under Salix cultivation.   The economics of Salix biomass cultivation does not yet favor treatment of Cadmium contaminated soils this way, but that could change as energy demands change.


memo:
Several bench scale studies with sheet flow leaching beds explored the impact of willow on the bioavailability and mobility of monochlorobenzene and dichlorobenzene.  Results of these studies have been used to model the impact of plant uptake on contaminant mass transfer.  Plant uptake in bed studies was compared with field results.  Success of this system would depend on flow of the contaminated water and the zone of plant root influence. Note:  The remediation strategy for sediments in the EPA fact sheet is called “Natural Recovery”.  This would include functions of the vegetation described in this reference.


memo:
Willow uptake and adsorption of cyanide compounds was monitored over time in plant root, stem and leaf tissues  by sampling for 15N and cyanide.  Plant uptake and assimilation of cyanide was documented.    Less cyanide was observed than would predicted by 15N analysis suggesting both plant uptake and transformation is taking place.


memo:
Tributyltin is an organotin used as an antifoulant in ship paints.  Since it is toxic to aquatic species disposal of the material on land has been considered.  Willow trees were exposed to two forms of tributyltin and monitored for soption, uptake and translocation under different concentration of tributyltin and different pH from 4 to 7.  Tributyltin in solution decreased with plants but most of the material was associated with plant roots  with little evidence of translocation to upper plant tissue.  Phytoextraction did not appear to be feasible but plants may have beneficial effect of aerating tributyltin contaminated soil.


memo:
Six species including black willow and bald cypress were tested for tolerance and uptake of the herbicide bentazon to test feasibility of phytoremediation of contaminated groundwater plume at a site in Louisiana.    Bentazon was shown to be taken up and translocated to leaves where it was photodegraded to less harmful metabolites.  Black willow and  bald cypress were the most promising species for potential use in remediation.


memo:
Willow cuttings were grown hydroponically with additions of ethanol and benzene.  Both compounds were shown to be taken up by the willows and concentrations of ethanol and benzene in solutions declined rapidly.  Sorption to plant roots was also observed.  Ethanol showed toxicity at 2000mg/L.  Phytoremediation be useful for remediation of ethanol-blended gasoline.


memo:
Several bench scale studies with sheet flow leaching beds explored the impact of willow on the bioavailability and mobility of monochlorobenzene and dichlorobenzene.  Results of these studies have been used to model the impact of plant uptake on contaminant mass transfer.  Success of this system would depend on flow of the contaminated water and the zone of plant root influence.  Modeling predicts phytoremediation capacity of existing trees at the in the Baton Rouge Bayou and Devil's Swamp area of Petro Processors Inc. Superfund site to impact 50 tons of chlorobenzenes.  Note:  The remediation strategy for sediments in the EPA fact sheet is called “Natural Recovery”.  This would include functions of the vegetation described in this reference.


memo:
Heavy metal uptake (Cu, Cr, Pb, and Zn) was estimated in three species at two field sites, an old Cr-processing plant, and an old explosives factory.  Parallel studies were done on pot grown seedings.   Measurable metal uptake by trees appears to be related to differential soil concentration.


memo:
Cultivated willow plantations of 8 to 30 years were sampled for Cd uptake and soil concentrations to test bioavailability and if willow can reduce a significant mass of cadmium in soil.   Bioavailable Cd give the pH was lower in Salix stands, but total Cd was not significantly changed.   Move studies of tree management are needed to evaluate if  willow plantations can be used to remediate Cd in soil.


memo:
Hybrid poplar, white willow and 6 native species were used to hydraulically control VOC contaminated groundwater in place of a pump and treat system at the SRSNE Superfund Site in Connecticut.  Initial greenhouse tests showed that the concentrations of VOC would not be toxic.   See web link for more information.


memo:
Fifteen willow clones were grown in a greenhouse to monitor accumulation of Cd, Zn, Mn, and Fe in soils will Cd concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 56,000 mg/kg. Clones showed signicant variability in leaf and stem Cd concentration.  Leaf concentrations varied from 1.5 to 10 mg/kg.   Clones for high Cd accumulation could be selected to improve Cd phytoremediation potential.


memo:
Three clones of Salix viminalis selected for high, medium and low Cd accumulation were sampled in 2 fields for Cd accumulation.  Cd concentration in stems suggested phytoremediation of soil could remove 100 years of Cd accumulation in 12 years.


memo:
Several bench scale studies with sheet flow leaching beds explored the impact of willow on the bioavailability and mobility of monochlorobenzene and dichlorobenzene.  Results of these studies have been used to model the impact of plant uptake on contaminant mass transfer.  Plant uptake in bed studies was compared with field results.  Success of this system would depend on flow of the contaminated water and the zone of plant root influence. Note:  The remediation strategy for sediments in the EPA fact sheet is called “Natural Recovery”.  This would include functions of the vegetation described in this reference.  http://www.epa.gov/Arkansas/6sf/pdffiles/0600442.pdf


memo:
Elemental sulfur was used as a soil amendment in a growth chamber trial with 3 soils to test if the addition would affect Cd and Zn availability and plant uptake in sewage sludge.   Sulfur treatments decreased soil pH and increased extractable Cd and Zn.  The affect was greater in acid soil compared to calcareous soil.   Plant uptake increase but not as much as NaNO3 extractable Cd and Zn.  This amendment has potential for increasing phytoremediation efficiency but it needs to be monitored carefully to avoid undesirable leaching of metals.


memo:
Ten commercial willow stands for biomass production were studied for Cd accumulation.  This represented 3 soil types and different pH and other soil conditions.  A significant mass of Cd can be removed at the time of coppicing.  Cd removed ranged from 2.6 to 16.5 g Cd ha(-1)year(-1).  The expected long term reduction in Cd over 25 years and 6-7 cutting cycles was estimated.  This had potential for Cd phytoremediation if the Cd can be handled when the tree biomass is burned for energy production.


memo:
Five willow species were grown hydroponically in two concentrations each of Cu and Cd (5 and 25 micromoles).  Metal tolerance was determined by comparing plant growth to controls with no added metal.  Plant uptake in roots, wood, and shoots was estimated.  Only S. lucida was less tolerant to high concentrations of Cd.  It also had the highest root Cd concentration.   All species were sensitive to high concentrations of Cu.  S. exigua and S. nigra showed the best growth and even appeared stimulated by added Cd.  Cu was mostly confined to plant roots.  S. nigra translocated the most Cd to wood tissue and showed the most promise for phytoextraction of metal.   Plant tissue may also be an exposure source to herbivores.  This needs to be considered during cultivation for biomass.


memo:
A review of transgenic plant for heavy metal accumulation.


memo:
Copper accumulation by Elsholtzia splendens as effected by soil amendment


memo:
Degradation of pesticides by aquatic plants


memo:
An evapotranspiration barrier to a chloroform plump


memo:
Uptake of heavy metals from wetlands and ponds


memo:
IEC abstract - Search abstracts for atrazine


memo:
Review of metal uptake by wetland species


memo:
Uptake of metals by Brassica juncea from mine tailings


memo:
Alyssum species accumulated nickel from soil


memo:
Vetiver grass accumulated heavy metals from soil


memo:
Soil amendments of calcium and ammonium increased heavy metal uptake


memo:
A three step process for phytoremediation of heavy metals from soil


memo:
Copper tolerance and uptake on mine tailings


memo:
Comparison of four species for uptake of Zn, Cu, Cd from soil


memo:
Accumulation of 8 heavy metals by Cistus Ladanifer subspecies


memo:
Effect of fertilization of Brassica juncea on the uptakeof Cu


memo:
Effect of EDTA on phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil


memo:
Variation among subsecies of Cucurbita pepo for phytoextraction of DDE from soil


memo:
Interaction of Cu, Pb, and Zn on the growth of Thlaspi caerulescens


memo:
Review of the plants and microorganisms interact to break down organic pollutants


memo:
Discussion of the role of root depth in phytoremediation


memo:
Effect of manure application and Populus hybrid


memo:
Hydraulic control and nitrate accumulation of and from contaminated groundwater


memo:
Review of phytoremediation of organic compounds at 5 Superfund sites.


memo:
Poplar trees planted in the "trench and sand-stack" method phytoremediation a TCE groundwater plume


memo:
The bioavailability of Cd, Tl and V in soil decreased across time as a result of transformation not leaching


memo:
The aim was to determine if a VOC mixture would inhibit Populus root growth. Inhibition was not observed.


memo:
To effectively clean-up Cd-contaminated brownfield land using selected clones of Salix would require (i) careful targeting of hotspots, (ii) repeated harvest of the short-rotation coppice prior to leaf fall, and (iii) final harvest of the root bole.


memo:
Investigation of phytoremediation of radionuclide contaminated soil at Chernobyl


memo:
A field test of phytoextraction of gold by Indian mustard and corn was conducted in Brazil in 2003 using gold ore with 0.6g/tonne of gold.  Gold uptake is enhanced by some plant exudates like cyanide or thiocyanide.  Indian mustard showed the best accumulation of 39 mg/kg gold.  It is estimated that the economic break even point for phytomining of gold would be using ore with 2 g/tonne of gold.


memo:
Field trials at an industrial site used for pyrite residual disposal tested sequential plantings to extract arsenic, zinc, and lead. Initial field trials did not use chelating agents.  Limited results presented.


memo:
Field test of 3 lines of transgenic Indian mustard were tested for ability to remove selenium and boron from saline affected soils.  Transgenic plants overexpressed genes encoding 3 enzymes and results in 2.3 to 4.3 fold greater removal of Se compared to wildtype plants.   This demonstrated potential use of transgenic plants for phytoremediation.


memo:
Field trial to investigate effect of plant species on bioavailability of heavy metals in dredged sediments.  Plants accumulated little metals in aboveground tissue and reduced leaching of metals to groundwater.


memo:
Field and pot trials of nickel hyperaccumulator species for potential phytoremediation and phytomining.  Fertilization increase biomass without decreasing metal concentration in tissue.  One crop of Berkheya coddii removed about 110 kg/ha of nickel and Alyssum bertolonii removed about 63 kg/ha of nickel.  B. coddii has potential for phytomining if half of accumulated metal can be recovered.  Plant breeding for higher biomass may improve economics.


memo:
Field trials investigated nine crop species for phytoextraction potential for heavy metals.  Cucurbita pepo was most effective for cadmium, manganese, copper, nickel, lead and zinc.  Zea mays was most effective for chromium and Medicago sativa for iron.


memo:
Excellent comprehensive review of a large R&D program including field trials to develop commercial phytoextraction systems for nickel.  Studies include genetic diversity, soil management, and crop management practices.  Work suggests commercial applications will be viable in the near future.


memo:
Six plant species dominated an abandoned silver mine in Australia and were studied for potential value in phytostabilization of soils affected by acid mine drainage and poor topsoil.  Plants were sampled from transects crossing the mine site.  Three species, Cynodon dactylon (couch), Juncus usitatus (common rush), and Lomandra longifolia (spiny-headed mat rush), were identified for phytostabilization potential due to tolerance or accumulation of Pb and Cd.


memo:
This paper is a general review of the role wetland plants play in phytostabilization of metals.  Plants may accumulate metals in root, stem or leaf tissue.  Accumulation of metals and deposition on liter may have both beneficial and detrimental on metal cycling in wetland ecosystems.


memo:
Natural colonization of waste heaps select for plant species adapted to local conditions including heavy metals and drought.  Genotypes from these populations may be useful for phytostabilization or phytoaccumulation of metals as the result of micorevolutionary processes that take place under stressful conditions.


memo:
Greenhouse screening of 29 species for growth in petroleum contaminated soil with TPH average of 25000 mg/kg.  Plants evaluated 60 and 180 days in TPH contaminated soil and 60 days in control soil.  

Weeping alkali grass varieties 'common' and 'Fults'  were the seventh  and ninth ranking plant for root length density in contaminated soil after 180 days growth.


memo:
Greenhouse screening of 29 species for growth in petroleum contaminated soil with TPH average of 25000 mg/kg.  Plants evaluated 60 and 180 days in TPH contaminated soil and 60 days in control soil.  

Creeping wildrye varieties 'Rio' and 'common'  were the eighth and fourteen  ranking plant for root length density in contaminated soil after 180 days growth.


memo:
Greenhouse screening of 29 species for growth in petroleum contaminated soil with TPH average of 25000 mg/kg.  Plants evaluated 60 and 180 days in TPH contaminated soil and 60 days in control soil.  

Rabbitsfoot grass  was the tenth ranking plant for root length density in contaminated soil after 180 days growth.


memo:
Greenhouse screening of 29 species for growth in petroleum contaminated soil with TPH average of 25000 mg/kg.  Plants evaluated 60 and 180 days in TPH contaminated soil and 60 days in control soil.  

Idaho fescue variety  was the eleventh ranking plant for root length density in contaminated soil after 180 days growth.


memo:
Greenhouse screening of 29 species for growth in petroleum contaminated soil with TPH average of 25000 mg/kg.  Plants evaluated 60 and 180 days in TPH contaminated soil and 60 days in control soil.  

Rabbitsfoot grass was the twelfth ranking plant for root length density in contaminated soil after 180 days growth.


memo:
Moderate hydrocarbon tolerance growing in sediments near 2% hydrocarbons.   
Greenhouse screening of 29 species for growth in petroleum contaminated soil with TPH average of 25000 mg/kg.  Plants evaluated 60 and 180 days in TPH contaminated soil and 60 days in control soil.  

Robust needlegrass  was the thirteen  ranking plant for root length density in contaminated soil after 180 days growth.


memo:
Moderate hydrocarbon tolerance growing in sediments near 2% hydrocarbons.   
Greenhouse screening of 29 species for growth in petroleum contaminated soil with TPH average of 25000 mg/kg.  Plants evaluated 60 and 180 days in TPH contaminated soil and 60 days in control soil.  

Western wheatgrass  was the fifteenth  ranking plant for root length density in contaminated soil after 180 days growth.


memo:
Moderate hydrocarbon tolerance growing in sediments near 2% hydrocarbons.
Greenhouse screening of 29 species for growth in petroleum contaminated soil with TPH average of 25000 mg/kg.  Plants evaluated 60 and 180 days in TPH contaminated soil and 60 days in control soil.  

Indian ricegrass varieties 'common' and 'Nezpar' ranked  ninteenth and twentieth of 35 entries ranking plant for root length density in contaminated soil after 180 days growth.


memo:
Moderate hydrocarbon tolerance growing in sediments near 2% hydrocarbons.
Greenhouse screening of 29 species for growth in petroleum contaminated soil with TPH average of 25000 mg/kg.  Plants evaluated 60 and 180 days in TPH contaminated soil and 60 days in control soil.  

Basin wildrye variety ‘Magnar’ was the entry ranked 21st of 35 for root length density in contaminated soil after 180 days growth.


memo:
Moderate hydrocarbon tolerance growing in sediments near 2% hydrocarbons.
Greenhouse screening of 29 species for growth in petroleum contaminated soil with TPH average of 25000 mg/kg.  Plants evaluated 60 and 180 days in TPH contaminated soil and 60 days in control soil.  

Crested wheatgrass variety ‘Hycrest’ was the entry ranked 22nd or 35 for root length density in contaminated soil after 180 days growth.


memo:
Moderate hydrocarbon tolerance growing in sediments near 2% hydrocarbons.
Greenhouse screening of 29 species for growth in petroleum contaminated soil with TPH average of 25000 mg/kg.  Plants evaluated 60 and 180 days in TPH contaminated soil and 60 days in control soil.  

Bromus inermis was the entry ranked 23rd of 35 for root length density in contaminated soil after 180 days growth.


memo:
Moderate hydrocarbon tolerance growing in sediments near 2% hydrocarbons.
Greenhouse screening of 29 species for growth in petroleum contaminated soil with TPH average of 25000 mg/kg.  Plants evaluated 60 and 180 days in TPH contaminated soil and 60 days in control soil.  

Meadow barley entries  ranked 24 and 25 of 35 for root length density in contaminated soil after 180 days growth.


memo:
Moderate hydrocarbon tolerance growing in sediments near 2% hydrocarbons.
Greenhouse screening of 29 species for growth in petroleum contaminated soil with TPH average of 25000 mg/kg.  Plants evaluated 60 and 180 days in TPH contaminated soil and 60 days in control soil.  

Blue wildrye was the entry ranked 26th of 35 for root length density in contaminated soil after 180 days growth.


memo:
Low hydrocarbon tolerance growing in sediments near 2% hydrocarbons.
Greenhouse screening of 29 species for growth in petroleum contaminated soil with TPH average of 25000 mg/kg.  Plants evaluated 60 and 180 days in TPH contaminated soil and 60 days in control soil.  
Purple needlegrass ranked 8 from the bottom of 35 entries for root length density in contaminated soil after 180 days growth.


memo:
Low hydrocarbon tolerance growing in sediments near 2% hydrocarbons.
Greenhouse screening of 29 species for growth in petroleum contaminated soil with TPH average of 25000 mg/kg.  Plants evaluated 60 and 180 days in TPH contaminated soil and 60 days in control soil.  
Tuft hairgrass ranked 7 from the bottom of 35 entries for root length density in contaminated soil after 180 days growth.


memo:
Low hydrocarbon tolerance growing in sediments near 2% hydrocarbons.
Greenhouse screening of 29 species for growth in petroleum contaminated soil with TPH average of 25000 mg/kg.  Plants evaluated 60 and 180 days in TPH contaminated soil and 60 days in control soil.  
California fescue ranked 6 from the bottom of 35 entries for root length density in contaminated soil after 180 days growth.


memo:
Low hydrocarbon tolerance growing in sediments near 2% hydrocarbons.
Greenhouse screening of 29 species for growth in petroleum contaminated soil with TPH average of 25000 mg/kg.  Plants evaluated 60 and 180 days in TPH contaminated soil and 60 days in control soil.  
Switchgrass variety Blackwell ranked 5 from the bottom of 35 entries for root length density in contaminated soil after 180 days growth.  This contrasts with many other studies that indicate switchgrass is promising for phytoremediation.


memo:
Low hydrocarbon tolerance growing in sediments near 2% hydrocarbons.
Greenhouse screening of 29 species for growth in petroleum contaminated soil with TPH average of 25000 mg/kg.  Plants evaluated 60 and 180 days in TPH contaminated soil and 60 days in control soil.  
California brome ranked 4 from the bottom of 35 entries for root length density in contaminated soil after 180 days growth.


memo:
Low hydrocarbon tolerance growing in sediments near 2% hydrocarbons.
Greenhouse screening of 29 species for growth in petroleum contaminated soil with TPH average of 25000 mg/kg.  Plants evaluated 60 and 180 days in TPH contaminated soil and 60 days in control soil.  
Red brome variety 'Panoche' ranked 3 from the bottom of 35 entries for root length density in contaminated soil after 180 days growth.


memo:
Low hydrocarbon tolerance growing in sediments near 2% hydrocarbons.
Greenhouse screening of 29 species for growth in petroleum contaminated soil with TPH average of 25000 mg/kg.  Plants evaluated 60 and 180 days in TPH contaminated soil and 60 days in control soil.  
California bentgrass ranked 2nd from the bottom of 35 entries for root length density in contaminated soil after 180 days growth.  In this reference a different species name for California bentgrass was used.  Agrostis densiflora appears to be the correct name instead of Agrostis diegoensis.


memo:
Low hydrocarbon tolerance growing in sediments near 2% hydrocarbons.
Greenhouse screening of 29 species for growth in petroleum contaminated soil with TPH average of 25000 mg/kg.  Plants evaluated 60 and 180 days in TPH contaminated soil and 60 days in control soil.  
Barley ranked last of 35 entries for root length density in contaminated soil after 180 days growth.  It showed very poor tolerance to the refinery waste sediments used in this trial.


memo:
Low hydrocarbon tolerance growing in sediments near 2% hydrocarbons.
Greenhouse screening of 29 species for growth in petroleum contaminated soil with TPH average of 25000 mg/kg.  Plants evaluated 60 and 180 days in TPH contaminated soil and 60 days in control soil.  
Rose clover did not survive for 180 days in the sediments used in this study.  After 60 days plants were stunted..


memo:
Low hydrocarbon tolerance growing in sediments near 2% hydrocarbons.
Greenhouse screening of 29 species for growth in petroleum contaminated soil with TPH average of 25000 mg/kg.  Plants evaluated 60 and 180 days in TPH contaminated soil and 60 days in control soil.  
White clover did not survive for 180 days in the sediments used in this study.  After 60 days plants were stunted..


memo:
Low hydrocarbon tolerance growing in sediments near 2% hydrocarbons.
Greenhouse screening of 29 species for growth in petroleum contaminated soil with TPH average of 25000 mg/kg.  Plants evaluated 60 and 180 days in TPH contaminated soil and 60 days in control soil.  
Winter vetch did not survive for 180 days in the sediments used in this study.  After 60 days plants were stunted..


memo:
Site- Longhorn Army Ammunition Plant: Burning Ground #3, TX 
Planting Date : 2003 2004 
Media:GW 
Species- Hybrid Poplar , pophyb
Contaminants :perchlorate* 
Mechanism:PD RD
Field Size 0.7 ac
Scale pilot
pilot
http://clu-in.org/download/contaminantfocus/perchlorate/LHAAPfinalSchnoor.pdf
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Anderson,  SC 
Planting Date : 1993
Media:GW, Soil
Species- Hybrid poplar, pophyb
Contaminants :Lead (Pb)*, Cadmium* (Cd), Sulfate*, Nitrate*
Mechanism : phytostabilization
Field Size 17 ac 
Scale full
http://clu-in.org/download/studentpapers/hoffnagle-phytoremediation.pdf (Page A111)
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Argonne National Laboratory West, ID 
Planting Date : 1999 2002 
Media:Soil 
Species- Kochia scoparia, kocsco, KOSC
Hybrid Willow, salhyb, SALIX
Contaminants :Cesium-137* (Cs), Silver* (Ag), Mercury* (Hg), Chromium* (Cr)
Mechanism : PE
Field Size 0.61 ac 
Scale pilot
http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/rods/fulltext/r1098061.pdf
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Austin Residential Site, TX 
Planting Date : 2003 2003 
Media:Soil 
Species- Ptevit, PTVI
Contaminants :Arsenic 
Mechanism : phytoextraction
Field Size 0.01 ac 
Scale pilot
http://www.edenspace.com/ or http://clu-in.org/download/studentpapers/hoffnagle-phytoremediation.pdf (Page A118)
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Abandoned Hat Factory, CT 
Planting Date : 2003 
Media :Soil 
Species- Eastern Cottonwood , popdel
Contaminants :Mercury* (Hg) 
Mechanism phytovolatilization 
Field Size 0.33 ac
Scale pilot
http://clu-in.org/download/studentpapers/hoffnagle-phytoremediation.pdf (Page A130)
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Abandoned Hat Factory, CT 
Dearing Phytostabilization Demonstration, KS 
Planting Date : 1994 1998 
Media :Soil 
Species- Hybrid Poplar, pophyb
Contaminants :Lead (Pb)*, Zinc (Zn)*, Cadmium (Cd)* 
Mechanism Mult: PE PS
Field Size 1 ac
Scale pilot
http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=PPHMF8000006000003000177000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- East Palo Alto, CA 
Planting Date : 1981 
Media :Soil 
Species- Eucalyptus,  eucal, EUCAL
Tamarisk, Tamarix dioica Roxb. ex Roth, tamdio, TADI6 – new species
Contaminants :Arsenic, 
Sodium (Na) 
Mechanism phytoextraction 
Field Size 1 
Scale pilot
http://clu-in.org/download/studentpapers/hoffnagle-phytoremediation.pdf (Page A134)
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Ensign-Bickford Company, CT 
Planting Date : 1998 1998 
Media :Soil 
Species- Indian Mustard, brajun, BRJU
Sunflower, helann, HEAN3
Contaminants :Lead 
Mechanism Mult: PE PS
Field Size 2.35 ac
Scale full
http://yosemite.epa.gov/R1/npl_pad.nsf/0/7e6c98dcbb2aa65d85256c29006e78c4?OpenDocument
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Galena Field Study, KS 
Planting Date : 1995 2000 
Media :Soil 
Species- Tall Fescue, fesaru, FEAR3 
Contaminants :Cadmium*, Lead*, Zinc* 
Mechanism Mult: PE PS 
Scale pilot
http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=PPHMF8000006000004000212000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Unnamed Gary Site, IN 
Planting Date : 2002 
Media :Soil 
Species- Bulrush, Oxycaryum Nees, oxycar, OXYCA—enter new species
Sedges, Carex L., CACA75, carex- enter new species
Cattail, typlat TYLA
Contaminants :Arsenic, Lead 
Mechanism Mult: PE PS
Field Size 3 ac
Scale pilot
http://www.wtamu.edu/~crobinson/Soils/forphytremd.htm or http://clu-in.org/download/studentpapers/hoffnagle-phytoremediation.pdf (Page A139)
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Magic Marker, NJ 
Planting Date : 1996 
Media :Soil 
Species- Indian Mustard, brajun, BRJU
Sunflower, helann, HEAN3
Contaminants :Lead 
Mechanism phytoextraction
Field Size 1.35 ac
Scale full
http://www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/lrpcd/rcb/phytlead.htm or http://www.edenspace.com/qualification.html
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Metal Plating Facility, OH 
Planting Date : 1996 1997 
Media :Soil 
Species- Hybrid Poplar, pophyb
Ryegrass, lolium, LOLIU
Indian Mustard, brajun, BRJU
Contaminants :Cadmium, Zinc 
Mechanism Mult: HC PE 
Field Size 0.23 ac
Scale full
http://clu-in.org/products/site/ongoing/demoong/phytotec.htm
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Former Orchard Site, NJ 
Planting Date : 2001  
Media :Soil 
Species- Ptevit, PTVI
Contaminants :Arsenic 
Mechanism :phytoextraction
Field Size 0.23 ac 
Scale full
http://www.hq.usace.army.mil/isd/PUBS/DIGEST/PWDigest_may_june_02.pdf (Page 21) or http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A33716-2004Aug25.html
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Spring Valley, DC 
Planting Date : 2004 
Media :Soil 
Species- ptevit, PTVI
Contaminants :Arsenic 
Mechanism :PE 
Field Size 0.06 ac 
Scale pilot
http://www.hq.usace.army.mil/cepa/pubs/oct04/STORY12.HTM or http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A33716-2004Aug25.html
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Site- Whitewood Creek,  SD 
Planting Date : 1991 1998 
Media :Soil 
Species- Hybrid Poplar, pophyb 
Contaminants :Arsenic*, Cadmium*, Copper* 
Mechanism :Mult: PE PS
Field Size 1 ac
Scale pilot
http://clu-in.org/download/studentpapers/hoffnagle-phytoremediation.pdf (Page A153)
Mechanisms Key HC=Hydraulic Control; PD=Phytodegradation; PE=Phytoextraction; PS=Phytostabilization; PV=Phytovolatilization; RD=Rhizodegradation;
ref. 905, 906


memo:
Pb, Cd, Zn accumulation by Phragmites asutralis


memo:
Effect of hydrogeological factors on TCE degradation


memo:
A review of phytodegradation of organic compounds


memo:
Clean up of a pyrite slurry at Aznalcollar, Spain


memo:
Phytoextraction from soil from a former Pb-Zn smelter


memo:
Phytoextraction of heavy metals from soil


memo:
Phytoextraction of low level uranium from soill


memo:
Phytoremediation of soil polluted with heavy metals


memo:
Effect of heavy metals on arsenic uptake


memo:
Rhizosphere characterisitcs of As hyperaccumulator


memo:
Arsenic transformations in the rhizoshpere


memo:
Arsenic in leaves of wild collected Pityrogramma calomelanos


memo:
Arsenic accumulation on Lemna gibba in mine tailing waters


memo:
Decontamination of metal pullulated soil


memo:
Effect of Pseudomonas spp. on As accumulation by Sorghum


memo:
Leachability of As from Pteris vittata fronds


memo:
Effect of soil P level on As uptake by Pteris vittata


memo:
Phytoremediation of As containing groundwater by Pteris vittata


memo:
As accumulation species collected in Thiland


memo:
Arsenic speciation and distribution in Pteris vittata


memo:
Phytoremediation of organ chlorine pesticides


memo:
Sub-species variation in Cucurbita pepo for phytoremediation of DDE


memo:
Effect of organic acids on uptake of DDE from soil


memo:
Effect of diesel fuel contaminated soil on plants


memo:
Effect of plants on the degradation of petroleum contaminants in soil


memo:
Selenium accumulation from soil by Brassica napus


memo:
Use of genetically engineered plants to accumulate mercury


memo:
Review of phytoremediation research at Univ. of Washington


memo:
Phytotoxicity in a Tradescantia hybrid correlates with diesel fuel contamination


memo:
Varied establishment across 5 species when planted oil well reserve pits


memo:
Boron, molybdenum and selenium uptake coal fly ash landfill


memo:
A review of the fate of PAHs in the environment


memo:
Accumulation of metals by water hyacinth in the lab


memo:
Effect of ETDA on the plant availability of heavy mentals


memo:
Microscopy to visualize the uptake and movement of PANs


memo:
Interaction between Cu and Zn in Agrostis stolonifera


memo:
The degradation of PAHs requires the continued presence of roots


memo:
Effect if chlorine and sulfate salts on accumulation of selenium by tall fescue


memo:
Selenium uptake by tall fescue and white clover


memo:
Plant species with deeper roots accumulated more selenium for soil


memo:
Effect of copper on rooting in Agrostis tenuis


memo:
Uptake of cadmium by barley from soil in columns


memo:
Effect of mycorrhizal symbiosis and fertilizer on establishment in mine spoil


memo:
Effect of P fertilizer and mycorrhizae on zinc tolerance


memo:
Survey of plans growing on copper polluted sites


memo:
The tolerance of Deschampsia cespitosa growing near a smelter to Cu and Ni


memo:
Uptake of metals from sludge-amended soils


memo:
Effect of vegetation on the degradation of herbicides


memo:
Wild species accumulated more metals from sludge than crops


memo:
Trees accumulated greater amounts of Zn than Cr


memo:
Review of phytoremediation of heavy metals by trees


memo:
Salix species translocated a higher percentage of Cd than Pb to above-ground biomass


memo:
Accumulation of Cd, Pb, and Zn in above-ground biomass by Salix species


memo:
Accumulation of Cd and Zn in above-ground biomass by Salix species


memo:
Development of a screening test for metal tolerance in Salix


memo:
Comparison of results from hydroponic screen for metal tolerance with field results


memo:
Phytoremediation after 3 years did not have a significant effect compared to controls


memo:
Weeping willow effectively removed cyanide


memo:
Estimation of transpiration stream concentration of MTBE


memo:
A review of phytoremediation systems to detoxify selenium-contaminated soils and wat3ers.


memo:
Metal accumulation from a toxic spill at a pyrite mine


memo:
Copper accumulation by Elsholtzia splendens in mine in China


memo:
The results showed that E.
acicularis adapted well to water contaminated by these metals.


memo:
An increase in Cd accumulation by maize roots was observed when ATR was also present. After harvest, the residual ATR concentration
in the soil decreased markedly. With mycorrhizal inoculation the amount of residual ATR decreased
more in the bulk soil but less in the rhizosphere soil compared to the noninoculated controls. Cadmium
application significantly decreased the ATR residual concentrations in both the rhizosphere and bulk
soils irrespective of inoculation treatment


memo:
Results showed that presence of vegetation significantly enhanced the dissipation of phenanthrene and pyrene from contaminated soils. Higher degradation rates of PAHs were observed in the combined plant cultivation (98.3–99.2% phenanthrene and 88.1–95.7% pyrene) compared to the single plant cultivation (97.0–98.0% phenanthrene and 79.8–86.0% pyrene).


memo:
Phytoremediation of these metals was enhanced with the help of isolates of AM fungi.


memo:
Case study # 1. In Case Study #1 willow trees were planted over petroleum spill and used to clean-up residual contamination in soils and the contaminated groundwater below. After three growing seasons 90% of the contamination was removed from the site.


memo:
Case study # 2. The parent chlorinated ethenes and chloroacetic acids (oxidative transformation products) were detected in the tree tissues at the end of the first growing season, confirming the uptake and phytodegradation of the contaminants


memo:
Case study # 3. Case Study #3 focused on the assessment of the contribution of plants in the attenuation of a mixed-contaminant plume of hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents at a hydrocarbon burn facility at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Analysis of the geochemical and hydrogeological data confirmed the attenuation of the plume in the natural wetland at the site.


memo:
These poplar trees were growing without any symptoms of phytotoxicity in the presence of BTEX in concentrations varying between 0 and 1,0000 ugL-1


memo:
Trace element concentrations were, on average, within the normal ranges for higher plants with the exception of Populus alba, which accumulated Cd and Zn up to 3 - 410 mgkg-1


memo:
During the first 3 years of the demonstration, the maximum observed reduction in the mass flux of TCE across the downgradient end of the demonstration site was 11 percent


memo:
Two years after planting, the chlorinated solvents began to be detected also in tissue of several trees targeting the downgradient contaminant plume


memo:
Several trees showed significantly higher tritium concentrations that approached the concentration of the groundwater in the area


memo:
There is a long-term trend in decreasing dissolved-phase contaminant concentrations in ground water beneath the trees


memo:
The parameters monitored at the site, including well headspace vapors, and groundwater concentrations of BTEX have generally decreased


memo:
Below the standard of 5,600 µg/L for the second year in a row.


memo:
Soil BTEX concentrations decreased 82% and benzene decreased 80% between August 1999 and November 2002


memo:
Successful growth of plants, removal of soil selenium (20%).


memo:
Removed in excess of 450 pounds of Nitrogen per acre per year for the first two years. After two years, trees are 20 feet tall and about 4 inches DBH.


memo:
On average, the concentration decline exhibited in ground water concentrations across the stand was 99%.


# Rating

Description:
Species does not attain phytoremediation goals. This would include all types of failure, such as situations where there is no effect, negative effect, or complete failure (i.e., plants die).


Description:
Species is successful in limited circumstances (e.g., moisture, pH, soil type, etc.) or success is limited (e.g., moderate change in contaminant concentration, but less than desired).


Description:
Species fully attains phytoremendiation goals.


Description:
Research results are not sufficient to determine if the phytoremediation goals were successfully or unsuccessfully attained.


# References

title:
Effect of diesel fuel on growth of selected plant species.

citation:
Environmental Geochemistry and Health 21(4): 353-357.


title:
Effects of crude oil pollution on the germination of Zea mays and Capsicum frutescens.

citation:
Environmental Pollution (Series A) 35: 159-167.


title:
Evaluation of the use of prairie grasses for stimulating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon treatment in soil.


title:
Manual of Cultivated Plants Most Commonly Grown in the Continental United States and Canada.


title:
Assessment of the role of plants in the bioremediation of two hydrocarbon-contaminated soils.

citation:
Proceedings of the Phytoremediation Technical Seminar, May 31-June 1, 1999, Calgary, AB.  Environment Canada, Ottawa, ON.  Pp. 87-97.


title:
Evaluation of dissipation mechanisms for benzo[a]pyrene in the rhizosphere of tall fescue.

citation:
Journal of Environmental Quality 28: 294-298.


FullAuthors:
Biederbeck, V.O., R.M. St. Jacques, D. Curtin, H.J. Geissler, F. Selles, and J. Waddington.

title:
Use of Heavy Oil Waste Sludge for Protection and Improvement of Sandy Soil.

citation:
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, SK, and Environment Canada.


title:
Fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the rhizosphere and mycorrhizosphere of ryegrass.


FullAuthors:
Brigmon, R.L., N.C. Bell, D.L. Freedman, and C.J. Berry.

title:
Natural attenuation of trichloroethylene in rhizosphere soils at the Savannah River site.

citation:
Journal of Soil Contamination 7(4): 433-453.


title:
Predictive relationships for uptake of organic contaminants by hybrid poplar trees.

citation:
Environmental Science and Technology 32(21): 3379-3385.


FullAuthors:
Carman, E.P., T.L. Crossman, and E.G. Gatliff.

title:
Phytoremediation of No. 2 fuel oil-contaminated soil.

citation:
Journal of Soil Contamination 7(4): 455-466.


title:
Vegetative growth in soils containing crude petroleum.


FullAuthors:
Chaineau, C.H., J.L. Morel, and J. Oudot.

title:
Land treatment of oil-based drill cuttings in an agricultural soil.

citation:
Journal of Environmental Quality 25: 858-867.


title:
Phytotoxicity and plant uptake of fuel oil hydrocarbons.

citation:
Journal of Environmental Quality 26: 1478-1483.


title:
Biodegradation of fuel oil hydrocarbons in the rhizosphere of maize.

citation:
Journal of Environmental Quality 29: 569-578.


FullAuthors:
Danielson, R.M., S. Visser, and D. Parkinson.

title:
Plant growth in four overburden types used in the reclamation of extracted oil sands.

citation:
Canadian Journal of Soil Science 63: 353-361.


title:
Alfalfa plants and associated microorganisms promote biodegradation rather than volatilization of organic substances from ground water. In: T.A. Anderson and J.R. Coats (eds.) Bioremediation Through Rhizosphere Technology.

citation:
America Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.


FullAuthors:
Duxbury, C.L., D.G. Dixon, and B.M. Greenberg.

title:
Effects of simulated solar radiation on the bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by the duckweed Lemna gibba.

citation:
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16(8): 1739-1748.


FullAuthors:
Dzantor, E. K., T. Chekol, and L.R. Vough.

title:
Feasibility of using forage grasses and legumes for phytoremediation of organic pollutants.

citation:
Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A 35(9):  1645-1661.


FullAuthors:
Edwards, N.T., B.M. Ross-Todd, and E.G. Garver.

title:
Assimilation and metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by vegetation -an approach to this controversial issue and suggestions for future research.

citation:
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Decade of Progress - 10th International Symposium, Columus, OH, Battelle Press.


title:
Benzo(a)pyrene and hexachlorobiphenyl contaminated soil: phytoremediation potential.

citation:
In: E.L. Kruger, T.A. Anderson and J.R. Coates (eds.).  Phytoremediation of Soil and Water Contaminants.  American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.  ACS Symposium Series 664.  pp. 200-222.


title:
Hycrest crested wheatgrass accelerates the degradation of pentachlorophenol in soil.

citation:
Journal of Environmental Quality 23: 272-279.


FullAuthors:
Ferro, A., J. Kennedy, W. Doucette, S. Nelson, G. Jauregui, B. McFarland, and B. Bugbee.

title:
Fate of benzene in soils planted with alfalfa: uptake, volatilization, and degradation.

citation:
In: Phytoremediation of Soil and Water Contaminants.  E.L. Kruger, T.A. Anderson and J.R. Coats (eds.).  American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.  ACS Symposium Series 664.  Pp. 223-237.


citation:
University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, KS.


title:
Biological aspects of land rehabilitation following hydrocarbon contamination.


FullAuthors:
Gunther, T., U. Dornberger, and W. Fritsche.

title:
Effects of ryegrass on biodegradation of hydrocarbons in soil.


title:
Biodegradation of 3-Chlorobenzoate as affected by rhizodeposition and selected carbon substrates.

citation:
Journal of Environmental Quality 25: 304-310.


title:
Manual of the Grasses of the United States:  Vol. 1.


title:
Flora of the Pacific Northwest - An Illustrated Manual.

citation:
University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA.


FullAuthors:
Hodson, P.V., I. Ibrahim, S. Zambon, A. Ewert, and K. Lee.

title:
Bioavailability to fish of sediment PAH as an indicator of the success of in situ remediation treatments at an experimental oil spill.


FullAuthors:
Hou, F.S.L., M.W. Milke, D.W.M. Leung, and D.J. MacPherson.

title:
Variations in phytoremediation performance with diesel-contaminated soil.


FullAuthors:
Hubner, T.M., S. Tischer, H. Tannenberg, and P. Kuschk.

title:
Influence of phenol and phenanthrene on the growth of Phalaris arundinacea and Phragmites australis.

citation:
International Journal of Phytoremediation 2(4): 331-342.


title:
Effects of experimental oil spills on subarctic boreal forest vegetation near Norman Wells, N.W.T., Canada.


FullAuthors:
Jordahl, J.L., L. Foster, J.L. Schnoor, and P.J.J. Alvarez.

title:
Effect of hybrid poplar trees on microbial populations important to hazardous waste bioremediation.

citation:
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16(6): 1318-1321.


FullAuthors:
Kirk, J.L., J.N. Klironomos, H. Lee, J.T. Trevors.

title:
Phytotoxicity assay to assess plant species for phytoremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil.


FullAuthors:
Kroening, S.J., D.W.M. Leung, L.G. Greenfield and C. Galilee.

title:
Losses of diesel oil by volatilisation and effects of diesel oil on seed germination and seedling growth.


FullAuthors:
Kulakow, P.A., A.P. Schwab and M.K. Banks.

title:
Screening plants species for growth on weathered, petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated sediments.

citation:
International Journal of Phytoremediation 2(4): 297-317.


title:
Aquatic and Wetland Vascular Plants of the Northern Great Plains.

citation:
Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-238.  U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.  Fort Collins, CO.


title:
Bioremediation of petroleum contaminated soil using vegetation: A microbial study.

citation:
Journal of Environmental Science and Health. A28(10): 2187-2198.


title:
Effect of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in soil on arbuscular mycorrhizal plants.

citation:
Journal of Environmental Quality 27: 402-407.


title:
The combined effects of phytoremediation and biostimulation in enhancing habitat restoration and oil degradation of petroleum contaminated wetlands.


title:
Rapid screening of plants promoting phenanthrene degradation.

citation:
Journal of Environmental Quality 28: 1376-1377.


FullAuthors:
Longpre, D., V. Jarry, A.D. Venosa, K. Lee, A. Jaouich, M.T. Suidan.

title:
The response of Scirpus pungens to crude oil contaminated sediments.

citation:
Proceedings of the Phytoremediation Technical Seminar, May 31-June 1, 1999, Calgary, AB.  Environment Canada, Ottawa, ON.  Pp. 137-148.


title:
Prairie Grasses: Identified and Described by Vegetative Characteristics.

citation:
Minister of Supply and Services Canada, Ottawa, ON.


title:
Budd’s Flora of the Canadian Prairie Provinces.


title:
Natural revegetation of surface-deposited spent oil shale in Colorado.

citation:
Reclamation and Revegetation Research 4: 1-16.


FullAuthors:
McConkey, B.J., C.L. Duxbury, D.G. Dixon, and B.M. Greenberg.

title:
Toxicity of a PAH photoxidation product to the bacteria Photobacterium phosphoreum and the duckweed Lemna gibba: photoproduct, phenanthrenequinone

citation:
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16(5): 892-899.


FullAuthors:
McLean, L., J. Ireland, S. Hohn, and L. Herman.

title:
Preliminary report and design of using jack pines for the phytoremediation of diesel-contaminated soils in Northern Saskatchewan.

citation:
Proceedings of the Phytoremediation Technical Seminar, May 31-June 1, 1999, Calgary, AB.  Environment Canada, Ottawa, ON.  Pp. 159-167.


title:
Phenanthrene-degrader community dynamics in rhizosphere soil from a common annual grass.

citation:
Journal of Environmental Quality 29: 584-592.


FullAuthors:
Moore, B.J., S.D. Ross, D. Gibson, P.E. Hardisty.

title:
Constructed wetlands for treatment of dissolved phase hydrocarbons.

citation:
Proceedings of the Phytoremediation Technical Seminar, May 31-June 1, 1999, Calgary, AB.  Environment Canada, Ottawa, ON.  Pp. 69-80.


citation:
University of Toronto Press, Toronto, ON.


FullAuthors:
Nichols, T.D., D.C. Wolf, H.B. Rogers, C.A. Beyrouty, and C.M. Reynolds.

title:
Rhizosphere microbial populations in contaminated soils.

citation:
Water Air and Soil Pollution 95(1-4): 165-178.


title:
Ecological Recovery of vegetation at a former industrial sludge basin and its implication to phytoremediation.

citation:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research 7(4) 195-204.


FullAuthors:
Pradhan, S.P., J.R. Conrad, J.R. Paterek, and V.J. Srivastava.

title:
Potential of phytoremediation for treatment of PAHs in soil at MGP sites.

citation:
Journal of Soil Contamination 7(4): 467-480.


FullAuthors:
Qiu, X., T.W. Leland, S.I. Shah, D.L. Sorensen, and E.W. Kendall.

title:
Field study: grass remediation for clay soil contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

citation:
In: E.L. Kruger, T.A. Anderson and J.R. Coates (eds.).  Phytoremediation of Soil and Water Contaminants.  American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.  ACS Symposium Series 664.  pp. 186-199.


title:
Long-term recovery of vegetaion on two experimental crude oil spills in interior Alaska black spruce taiga.


FullAuthors:
Radwan, S.S., H. Al-Awadhi, N.A. Sorkhoh, I.M. El-Nemr.

title:
Rhizospheric hydrocarbon-utilizing microorganisms as potential contributors to phytoremediation for the oily Kuwaiti desert.


FullAuthors:
Radwan, S.S., H. Al-Awadhi and I.M. El-Nemr.

title:
Cropping as a phytoremediation practice for oily desert soil with reference to crop safety as food.

citation:
International Journal of Phytoremediation 2(4): 383-396.


FullAuthors:
Reilley, K.A., M.K. Banks, and A.P. Schwab.

title:
Organic chemicals in the environment: dissipation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the rhizosphere.

citation:
Journal of Environmental Quality 25: 212-219.


title:
Microbial based strategies for assessing rhizosphere-enhanced phytoremediation.

citation:
Proceedings of the Phytoremediation Technical Seminar, May 31-June 1, 1999, Calgary, AB.  Environment Canada, Ottawa, ON.  Pp. 125-135.


FullAuthors:
Reynolds, C.M., L.B. Perry, C.S. Pidgeon, B.A. Koenen, and D. Pelton.

title:
Plant-based treatment of organic-contaminated soils in cold climates.

citation:
Edmonton 99: Proceedings of Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sites in Arctic and Cold Climates Workshop.  May 3-4, Edmonton, AB, Canada.  Pp. 166-172.


FullAuthors:
Rogers, H.B., C.A. Beyrouty, T.D. Nichols, D.C. Wolf, and C.M. Reynolds.

title:
Selection of cold-tolerant plants for growth in soils contaminated with organics.

citation:
Journal of Soil Contamination 5(2): 171-186.


title:
Biologically mediated dissipation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the root zone.

citation:
Bioremediation Through Rhizosphere Technology.  T.A. Anderson and J.R. Coats (eds.).  American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.  ACS Symposium Series 563. Pp. xx-yy.


FullAuthors:
Schwab, A.P., M.K. Banks, and M. Arunachalam.

title:
Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rhizosphere soil.

citation:
Bioremediation of Recalcitrant Organics.  R.E. Hinchee, D.B. Anderson, and R.E. Hoeppel (eds.).  Battelle Press, Columbus, OH.  Pp. 23-29


FullAuthors:
Schwab, A.P., A.A. Al-Assi, and M.K. Banks.

title:
Adsorption of naphthalene onto plant roots.

citation:
Journal of Environmental Quality 27: 220-224.


title:
Oil shale process water affects activity of vesicular-arbuscular fungi and Rhizobium 4 years after application to soil.

citation:
Soil Biology and Biochemistry 18: 451-455.


title:
Effect of Agrobacterium rhizogenes on phenolic content of Mentha pulegium elite clonal line for phytoremediation applications.


FullAuthors:
Stubbendieck, J., S.L. Hatch, and C.H. Butterfield.


title:
Common Plants of the Western Rangelands:  Vols. I & II.

citation:
Lethbridge Community College, Lethbridge, AB.


title:
Model trials for phytoremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated sites by the use of different plant species.

citation:
International Journal of Phytoremediation 4(3): 187-203.


FullAuthors:
Tutin, T.G., V.H. Heywood, N.A. Burges, D.M. Moore, D.H. Valentine, S.M. Walters, and D.A. Webb.

title:
Flora Europaea.  Volume 4:  Plantiginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae).

citation:
Cambridge University Press, New York, NY.


FullAuthors:
University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan Agriculture & Food, and Agriculture Canada.

citation:
University of Saskatchewan Division of Extension and Community Relations, Saskatoon, SK.


FullAuthors:
Vance, F.R., J.R. Jowsey, and J.S. McLean.

citation:
Greystone Books - Douglas and McIntyre, Vancouver, BC.


FullAuthors:
Venosa, A.D.; Lee K.; Suidan, M.T.; Garcia-Blanco, S.; Cobanli S.; Moteleb, M.; Haines J.R.; Trembley G.; Hazelwood. M.

title:
Bioremediation and biorestoration of a crude oil-contaminated freshwater wetland on the St. Lawrence river.


FullAuthors:
Walker, D.A., P.J. Webber, K.R. Everett, and J. Brown.

title:
Effects of crude and diesel oil spills on plant communities at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, and the derivation of oil spill sensitivity maps.


title:
Volatilization and mineralization of naphthalene in soil-grass microcosms.

citation:
Bioremediation Through Rhizosphere Technology.  T.A. Anderson and J.R. Coats (eds.).  American Chemical Society, Washinton, DC.  ACS Symposium Series 563.  Pp. 123-131.


title:
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon uptake by carrots grown in sludge-amended soil.

citation:
Journal of Environmental Quality 21: 217-225.


FullAuthors:
Wiltse, C.C., W.L. Rooney, Z. Chen, A.P. Schwab, and M.K. Banks.

title:
Greenhouse evaluation of agronomic and crude oil-phytoremediation potential among alfalfa genotypes.

citation:
Journal of Environmental Quality 27: 169-173.


title:
Root growth, microbial activity and phosphatase activity in oil-contaminated, remediated and uncontaminated soils planted to barley and field pea.


title:
Corn (Zea mays L.) root exudates and their impact on 14C-pyrene mineralization.

citation:
Soil Biology and Biochemistry 33: 1769-1776.


title:
Zinc removal in strongly basic solutions by water hyacinth.

citation:
Journal of Environmental Science and Health. A28: 1727-1735.


title:
Removal of lead by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes).

citation:
Journal of Environmental Science and Health. A29: 2177-2183.


title:
A bioseparation process for removing lead (II) ions from waste water by using C. vulgaris.


title:
A comparative study of the adsorption of chromium (VI) ions to C. vulgaris and Z. ramigera.


title:
The biosorption of copper (II) by C. vulgaris and Z. ramigera.


FullAuthors:
Al-Attar, A.F., Martin, M.H. and Nickless, G.

title:
Uptake and toxicity of cadmium, mercury and thallium to Lolium perenne seedlings.


FullAuthors:
Albergoni, V., Piccinni, E. and Coppellotti, O.

title:
Response to heavy metals in organisms. I.Excretion and accumulation of physiological and non-physiological metals in Euglena gracilis.


title:
Genetics of tolerance in agronomic plants.

citation:
In, Shaw, A.J. (ed), Heavy metal tolerance in plants: evolutionary aspects. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida. pp. 255-267.


title:
Aluminum tolerance of spring rye inbred lines.


title:
Accumulation of copper in fluvial sediments and yellow water lilies (Nuphar lutea) at varying distances from a metal processing plant.

citation:
Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 25: 713-717.


title:
Aquatic macrophytes as indicators of heavy metal pollution. Third Finnish-Swedish Seminar on the Gulf of Bothnia, Pori, Finland, August 20-21, 1984.


title:
Remediation of metal-contaminated sites using plants.


title:
Heavy metal tolerance and population differentiation in Silene maritima With.

citation:
Ph.D. Thesis, University of London, London, U.K.


title:
Ecophysiological aspects of zinc tolerance in Silene maritima With.


title:
Accumulators and excluders - strategies in the response of plants to heavy metals.


title:
Terrestrial higher plants which hyperaccumulate metallic elements - a review of their distribution, ecology and phytochemistry.


title:
Ecophysiology of metal uptake by tolerant plants.

citation:
In, Shaw, A.J. (ed), Heavy metal tolerance in plants: evolutionary aspects. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida. pp. 155-177.


FullAuthors:
Baker, A.J.M., Brooks, R.R. and Kersten, W.J.

title:
Accumulation of nickel by Psychotria species from the Pacific Basin.


FullAuthors:
Baker, A.J.M., Proctor, J., van Balgooy, M.M.J. and Reeves, R.D.

title:
Hyperaccumulation of nickel by the flora of the ultramafics of Palawan, Republic of the Philippines.

citation:
In, Baker, A.J.M., J. Proctor and R.D.Reeves (eds). The vegetation of ultramafic (serpentine) soils: Proceedings of the first international conference on serpentine ecology. Intercept Limited, U.K. pp 291-304.


FullAuthors:
Baker, A.J.M., Reeves, R.D. and Hajar, A.S.M.

title:
Heavy metal accumulation and tolerance in British populations of the metallophyte Thlaspi caerulescens J. & C. Presl (Brassicaceae).


FullAuthors:
Baker, A.J.M., Reeves, R.D. and McGrath, S.P.

title:
In situ decontamination of heavy metal polluted soils using crops of metal-accumulating plants - a feasibility study.

citation:
In, In Situ Bioreclamation, Symposium, March, 1991, San Diego, CA. pp. 600-605.


FullAuthors:
Baligar, V.C., Campbell, T.A. and Wright, R.J.

title:
Differential responses of alfalfa clones to aluminum-toxic acid soil.


FullAuthors:
Bañuelos, G.S., Ajwa, H.A., Wu, L., Guo, Z., Akohoue, S. and Zambrzuski, S.

title:
Selenium-induced growth reduction in Brassica land races considered for phytoremediation.

citation:
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 36: 282-287.


citation:
In, Baker, A.J.M., J. Proctor and R.D.Reeves (eds). The vegetation of ultramafic (serpentine) soils: Proceedings of the first international conference on serpentine ecology. pp. 109-128.


FullAuthors:
Batianoff, G.N., Reeves, R.D. and Specht, R.L.

title:
Stackhousia tryonii Bailey: A nickel-accumulating serpentine-endemic species of Central Queensland.

citation:
Australian Journal of Botany 38: 121-30.


FullAuthors:
Bech, J., Poschenrieder, C., Llugany, M., Barceló, J., Tume, P., Tobias, F.J., Barranzuela, J.L. and Vásquez, J.

title:
Arsenic and heavy metal contamination of soil and vegetation around a copper mine in northern Peru.

citation:
Science of the Total Environment 203: 83-91.


title:
Pohlia moss tolerance to the acidic, metal-contaminated substrate of the Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, mining and smelting region.

citation:
Environmental Contamination, 2nd Int. Conf., Amsterdam.


FullAuthors:
Benson, L.M., Porter, E.K. and Peterson, P.J.

title:
Arsenic accumulation, tolerance and genotypic variation in plants on arsenical mine wastes in S.W. England.


title:
Sobre el endemisimo de la florula serpentinicola de "Lomas de Galindo", Canasi, Habana.

citation:
Revista Jardin Botanico Nacional (Cuba) 2: 29-59.


